The fourth kind, called the _annular ligament_ binds down and protects the tendons. =Ligaments of the Ear[2].=—The concha of the ear is provided with a superior and an inferior ligament. Footnote 2: The classification of Gadow is used. =Ligaments of the Jaw.=—The articulations of the lower jaw are complex. The freely movable articulation is between the inferior maxilla and the quadrate. Less freely movable articulations are formed by the quadrate with the temporal, the zygomatic and the pterygoid. A lateral ligament of the jaw, the _articulo-jugale_ extends from the posterior border of the inner wing of the os articulare of the inferior maxilla (Fig. 8, No. 10, and Fig. 19, No. 15) to the outer border of the os quadrato jugulare. A _lateral temporo-maxillary ligament_ extends from the outer surface of the temporal bone to the outer border of the os articulare of the inferior maxilla (Fig. 8, No. 11, and Fig. 19, No. 14). =Ligaments of the Vertebræ.=—In each space between the bodies of the vertebræ there is a _meniscus intervertebralis_. This meniscus is analogous to the annulus fibrosus of mammals (Gadow), which, is possibly formed as a protrusion of the anterior surface of the vertebral body. The meniscus or disc may develop into a ring-shaped structure, the true meniscus, or it may develop to different degrees as an extension of the vertebral body surface, and become, as in the dorsal and lumbar regions, fused with the vertebral segments, in which case it is called the annulus fibrosus. The vertebral disc which is connected with the atlas and which is fused with that bone, represents the first meniscus, which is called the _ligamentum transversum atlantis_. This, as well as other ligaments of the spinal column, may become ossified. The ligament which is located between those vertebral bodies which face each other and is inside the joint cavity, is called the _ligamentum suspensorium corporum vertebralium_. It passes through the central opening of the meniscus and lies exactly in the long axis of the body of the vertebra. The first ligament of the neck is the _ligamentum suspensorium dentis epistrophei_. The _ligamentum capsulare atlantico-occipitale_ and the _ligamentum capsulare atlantico-epistrophicum odontoideum_ are two parts of the joint capsule of the vertebral body. Other ligaments of this part are the _membranæ obturatoriæ intervertebrales posteriores_, which are located between the semicircular rims of the neck vertebræ. The _ligamentum transversum atlantis_ surrounds the occipital condyle. The _ligamentum nuchæ_ is a thin, membranous, ribbon-like structure which lies between the muscles of the right and those of the left side of the middle, and the lower part on the posterior of the neck, and ends in attachments to the superior spines of the cervical vertebræ.