PLUTARCH, _De esu carnium orat._, ii., p. 996, 38: “As the Egyptians, taking out from the dead the belly (τὴν κοιλίαν) and cutting it up before the sun, cast it away, as the cause of all the sins which the man has committed; in like manner that we ourselves, cutting out gluttony and bloodthirstiness, should purify the rest of our life.” PORPHYRY, _De abst._, iv., 10: “When they embalm those of the noble that have died, together with their other treatment of the dead body, they take out the belly (τὴν κοιλίαν), and put it into a coffer, and holding the coffer to the sun they protest, one of the embalmers making a speech on behalf of the dead. This speech, which Euphantus translated from his native language, is as follows: “O Lord, the Sun, and all ye gods who give life to men, receive me and make me a companion to the eternal gods. For the gods, whom my parents made known to me, as long time as I have had my life in this world I have continued to reverence, and those who gave birth to my body I have ever honoured. And for the rest of men, I have neither slain any, nor defrauded any of anything entrusted to me, nor committed any other wicked act, but if I haply in my life have sinned at all,: by either eating or drinking what was unlawful, not on my own account did I sin, but on account of these (showing the coffer in which the belly [ἡ γαστήρ] lay).” And having said these things he throws it into the river; but the rest of the body, as pure, he embalms. Thus they thought that they needed to excuse themselves to the Deity on account of what they had eaten and drunk, and therefore to reproach the belly.” [23] It was in this sense that the Egyptians regarded the heart as the seat of the feelings, and spoke of the heart as rejoicing, as mourning, as weeping. [24] The illustration is taken from photographs of a scarab in the Edwards collection at University College, London. [25] For the translation of chap, xxx b. of The Book of the Dead, which formed the usual inscriptions on heart scarabs, see p. 53. [26] The possession of the formula in chap, cxlviii. of _The Book of the Dead_, from line 8, ensured abundance (of food) to the BA of the dead. [27] Illustrations 7 and 8 are taken from photographs of objects in the Edwards Museum at University College. [28] _See The Book of the Dead_, NAVILLE’S edition, pls. 4, 97, 101, 104; LEPSIUS’ edition, pls. 33, etc., etc. [29] See, _e.g._, illustration and Orcagna’s fresco of the Triumph of Death, in the Campo Santo of Pisa. [30] See p. 10. [31] VON BERGMANN, _Sarkophag des Panehemisis_, I., pp. 11, 15, 24; PIERRET, _Insc. du Louvre_, II., p. 23; MARIETTE, _Dendérah_, iv., 62a. [32] _The Book of the Dead_, lxxxix. 6. [33] VON BERGMANN, _Sarkophag des Panehemisis_, I., p. 37, where the translation is not quite accurately given. [34] In _Transactions of the Society of Biblical Archæology_, VIII., p. 386 _et seq._, Birch has collected passages bearing on this point.