—— Palaces built out of the ruins _ib._ The construction of the inner part is made visible by the demolition of the outer corridor _ib._ The north-eastern side is nearly perfect _ib._ One arch of the lower storey restored by Gordianus, A.D. 220-238 31 A.D. 1810. Excavations begun by the French _ib._ —— 1812. The walls weeded by them; this was repeated in 1870 _ib._ III. The excavations of the French shew the channels for water 32 Upper wall hastily built under Gordianus 33 A.D. 1864-5. Excavations made in search of treasure _ib._ Many remains of shallow open channels for water _ib._ Also remains of three reservoirs in the principal gallery _ib._ And of two _piscinæ_ under the Cœlian, on the same level as this gallery _ib._ The excavations of the French were not deep enough for historical purposes 34 When the boards were removed from the arena they were placed on the corbels or brackets, or large consoles provided for them below _ib._ XVII. Apollodorus tells Hadrian that he _ought_ to have provided space for all this machinery _ib._ A long and large passage found at the south-east end _ib._ IV. The original pavement is 21 ft. below the level of the arena 35 In the ancient tufa walls are vertical grooves for the lifts, on which the _pegmata_, or cages for wild beasts, were placed _ib._ VI. There are also sockets for the pivots of the capstans _ib._ XVII. Under the passage is a large drain _ib._ An ancient iron grating at the mouth of the drain 36 XIX. The place for the flood-gates is plainly visible _ib._ Large corbels and brackets for placing the boards of the arena upon, remain in many parts _ib._ XVIII. The martyrdom of the early Christians took place on the sand of the arena, not on the soil, 21 ft. below it _ib._ The results of the excavations of 1874-75 were a great surprise 37 Many of the lower walls belong to the repairs after earthquakes in A.D. 442 and 508 _ib._ A narrow and lofty vaulted chamber on each side of the central passage under the galleries, with six sockets in a line 38 The wooden framework, cradle, or dry dock, fully described _ib._