—— —— Square towers (for the musicians?) 46 —— At NÎMES there is still a wooden floor, with trap-doors in it _ib._ —— —— But the arrangements below are quite different _ib._ —— At ARLES, no substructures visible _ib._ —— At BORDEAUX, the remains are called the _Arènes_, it had a boarded floor _ib._ Substructures compared 47-52 Space required for the actors is usually given behind the scenes in theatres, in an amphitheatre under the stage 47 Vessels employed in the _Naumachia_ were usually _rates_, or rowing-boats _ib._ The battles were of the sailors with swords, not with the boats _ib._ At POZZUOLI an intermediate passage for messengers _ib._ In the Colosseum such a passage for the sailors to manage the awning; the corbels that support it are all that remain _ib._ A great central passage or gulf in all the amphitheatres _ib._ Traces of a great machine for lifting up vessels at Capua, as in the Colosseum _ib._ Machines required were numerous and large 48 Apollodorus told Hadrian that he _ought to have_ provided a place for them, but he had not done so _ib._ Cords for the awning, strong enough to carry an elephant, were called _catadromus_ _ib._ An actor playing the part of Icarus, leaping from the upper gallery, fell dead at the feet of Nero _ib._ _Pegmata_ were not only cages but wooden machines; these are mentioned by Josephus, Calpurnius, Apuleius, Claudian, Vopiscus, and Martial 49 The Colossus (on the Summa Sacra Via) was visible from the gulf _ib._ That a hundred lions leaped on to the stage or arena, at once, is mentioned not only by Herodian, but by Vopiscus, Julius Capitolinus, Lampridius, Ammianus Marcellinus, Statius 50 The netting to protect the lower gallery was of gold (or gilt) wire, and was called _retia_, as mentioned by Calpurnius _ib._ Naval fights sometimes held in the Circus Maximus _ib._ —— but must have been in the canals of the Colosseum, because Heliogabalus filled them with wine 51 They were called Circensian games, because sometimes held in the circus _ib._ Martial clearly distinguishes them _ib._ That the vaults under the arena were called _caveæ_ _ib._ THE ARENA 52