The formation of snow described--Snow-crystals--Effects of the crystallizing force--Ice-flowers--Sir David Brewster’s experiment with polarised light--Regelation and moulding of ice--Characteristics of glacier-ice--Cleavage in compact ice--The aspect of glaciers--On the motion of glaciers--History of its discovery--Moraines described--Theory of glacier-motion--Quotation from Professor Tyndall--Glaciers of the Polar Regions--Glacier in Bell Sound--Formation of icebergs--Icebergs in Baffin Bay--Glacier described by Dr. Hayes--The Greenland Mer de Glace--Glacier of Sermiatsialik--The great Humboldt Glacier--Discovered by Dr. Kane--Description of its features--Kane’s theory of icebergs--Notes on the glacier 108–134 CHAPTER V. Red snow, what is it?--First forms of vegetable life--The lichens, their variety--Reindeer moss--Rock-hair--Rock tripe, or _tripe de roche_--Used as food--Iceland moss and its properties--The mosses of the Arctic Regions--Scurvy-grass--The fly-agaric--Microscopic vegetation--A memorial of Franklin--Phænogamous plants of the North--Cryptogamous plants--Vegetation in Novaia Zemlaia--In Spitzbergen--In Kamtschatka--The _Fritallaria sarrana_--The wooded and desert zones--Forms of animal life--Natural history of the reindeer--His usefulness--His food--Reindeer and wolves--Cunning of the Arctic wolf--Domesticity of the wolf--The musk-ox described--Captain M’Clintock quoted--The Arctic fox--His wariness--A fox-trap--The bear and the fox--The Arctic hare--The Alpine hare--The Hudson Bay lemming--The Mustelidæ family--The marten--The sable--The polecat--About the glutton, or wolverine--anecdotes of his extraordinary sagacity--A great enemy to the trapper--The biter bit--Arctic birds--The falcons--The crows--Distribution of animals 135–161 CHAPTER VI. Iceland, its extent--Its history--Its volcanoes--Hekla and its eruptions--Eruption of the Skaptá Jokul--The geysers, or boiling springs--Their phenomena described--Account of the Strokr--Coasts and valleys of Iceland--The Thingvalla--Description of Reikiavik, the capital--Character of the Icelander--His haymaking operations--His dwelling described--An Icelandic church--Icelandic clergy--Travelling in Iceland--Its inconveniences--Fording the streams--Fishing in Iceland 162–174 CHAPTER VII.