The Art of Logical Thinking; Or, The Laws of ReasoningAtkinson, William Walker
Philosophy
The Art of Logical Thinking; Or, The Laws of Reasoning
Atkinson, William Walker
Logic; Reasoning
When we decrease the extension to one species of animal, _horse_,
the individuals are fewer, the qualities more numerous."
The importance of forming clear and distinct concepts and of grouping,
classifying and generalizing these into larger and broader concepts and
terms is recognized by all authorities and is generally regarded as
forming the real basis of all constructive thought. As Brooks says:
"Generalization lies at the basis of language: only as man can form
general conceptions is it possible for him to form a language.... Nearly
all the ordinary words in our language are general rather than
particular.... This power of generalization lies also at the basis of
science. Had we no power of forming general ideas, each particular
object would be a study by itself, and we should thus never pass beyond
the very alphabet of knowledge. Judgments, except in the simplest form,
would be impossible; and it is difficult to see how even the simplest
form of the syllogism could be constructed. No general conclusion could
be drawn from particulars, nor particular conclusions from generals; and
thus neither inductive nor deductive reasoning would be possible. The
classifications of science could not be made; and knowledge would end at
the very threshold of science."
CHAPTER VII.
THE MEANING OF TERMS
Every term has its _meaning_, or _content_, as some authorities prefer
to call it. The word or words of which the term is composed are merely
vocal sounds, serving as a symbol for the real _meaning_ of the term,
which _meaning_ exists only in the mind of the person understanding it.
To one not understanding the meaning of the term, the latter is but as a
meaningless sound, but to one understanding it the sound awakens mental
associations and representation and thus serves its purpose as a symbol
of thought.
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