The Art of Logical Thinking; Or, The Laws of ReasoningAtkinson, William Walker
Philosophy
The Art of Logical Thinking; Or, The Laws of Reasoning
Atkinson, William Walker
Logic; Reasoning
Each concrete general term has two _meanings_, (1) the actual concrete
thing, person or object to which the term is applied; and (2) the
qualities, attributes or properties of those objects, persons or things
in consequence of which the term is applied. For instance, in the case
of the concrete term _book_, the first meaning consists of the general
idea of the thing which we think of as _a book_, and the second meaning
consists of the various qualities which go to make that thing a book, as
the printed pages, the binding, the form, the cover, etc. Not only is
that particular thing _a book_, but every other thing having the same or
similar properties also must be _a book_. And so, whenever I call a
thing _a book_ it must possess the said qualities. And, whenever I
combine the ideas of these qualities in thought, I must think of _a
book_. As Jevons says: "In reality, every ordinary general term has a
double meaning: it means the things to which it is applied, ... it also
means, in a totally different way, the qualities and peculiarities
_implied_ as being in the things. Logicians say that the number of
things to which a term applies is the _extension_ of the term; while the
number of qualities or peculiarities implied is the _intension_."
The extension and intension of terms has been referred to in the
previous chapter. The general classification of the degrees of
_extension_ of a general term is expressed by the two terms, _Genus_ and
_Species_, respectively. The classification of the character of the
_intension_ of a term is expressed by the term, _Difference_,
_Property_ and _Accident_, respectively.
_Genus_ is a term indicating: "a class of objects containing several
species; a class more extensive than a species; a universal which is
predicable of several things of different species."
_Species_ is a term denoting: "a smaller class of objects than a genus,
and of two or more of which a genus is composed; a predicable that
expresses the whole essence of its subject in so far as any common term
can express it."
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