The career of Henri Herz, his compositions and his style; virtuosity and sensationalism; means of effect--Sigismund Thalberg: his playing; the ‘Moses’ fantasia, etc.; relation of Herz and Thalberg to the public--Franz Liszt: his personality and its influence; his playing; his expansion of pianoforte technique; difficulties of his music estimated--Liszt’s compositions: transcriptions; fantasia on _Don Giovanni_--Realistic pieces, Années de pèlerinage--Absolute music: sonata in B minor; Hungarian Rhapsodies; conclusion. PART III. MODERN PIANOFORTE MUSIC IX. IMITATORS AND NATIONALISTS 320 Inevitable results of Schumann, Chopin and Liszt--Heller, Raff, Jensen, Scharwenka, Mozkowski, and other German composers--The influence of national characteristics: Grieg, his style and his compositions; Christian Sinding--The Russians: Balakireff, Rubinstein, Tschaikowsky, Arensky, Glazounoff, Rachmaninoff, Scriabin and others--Spanish traits; I. Albéniz; pianoforte composers in England and the United States. X. MODERN FRENCH PIANOFORTE MUSIC 341 Classical traditions: Saint-Saëns, and others; C. V. Alkan--César Franck: his compositions and his style--Vincent d’Indy; Fauré--The new movement: Debussy and Ravel; Debussy’s innovations: new harmonies, scales, overtones, pianoforte technique; his compositions--Ravel differentiated; his compositions; Florent Schmitt and Eric Satie--Conclusion. PART IV. VIOLIN MUSIC XI. EARLY VIOLIN MUSIC AND THE DEVELOPMENT OF VIOLIN TECHNIQUE 368 The origin of stringed instruments; ancestors of the violin--Perfection of the violin and advance in violin technique; use of the violin in the sixteenth century; early violin compositions in the vocal style; Florentino Maschera and Monteverdi--Beginnings of violin music: Biagio Marini; Quagliati; Farina; Fontana and Mont’Albano; Merula; Ucellino and Neri; Legrenzi; Walther and his advance in technique, experiments in tone painting--Giov. Battista Vitali; Tommaso Vitali and Torelli; Bassani; Veracini and others--Biber and other Germans; English and French composers for the violin; early publications of text-books and collections. XII. VIOLIN COMPOSERS IN THE EIGHTEENTH CENTURY 396