Matthews-Northrup Works, 125, 178, 179, 192 Munder-Thomson Company, 122 Nash, J. H., 134, 135, 147, 185, 279, 442, 450, 451 Neal Press, 306 Nelson, Arthur, 138, 249, 284, 286, 290, 440 Peabody, Charles Edward, 342 Radcliffe, B. Walter, 360 Rogers, Bruce, 43, 128, 129, 148, 223, 224, 449-B, 451 Roycroft Shop, 143, 456 School of Printing, Boston, 42, 75, 335 Seaver-Howland Press, 433, 434 Sherbow, Benjamin, 152, 153, 236, 238, 247, 248, 380, 412, 413, 414, 420 Smith Company, Eugene, 452 Stetson Press, 225, 228 Stillson Company, Robert L., 186 Stutes, Edward W., 206, 350 Taft, Henry D., 353 Tapley Company, J. F., 344 Taylor & Taylor, 163, 164, 194, 445, 446 Trow Press, 140 University Press, 41 Updike, D. B., 70, 145, 146, 180, 181, 190, 191, 203, 215, 222, 227, 303, 314, 315 Warde Press, 447 Winchell, Edward Everett, 161, 162, 209 PART ONE [Illustration: THE SCRIBE AT WORK Representing a secretary to Philip the Good, Duke of Burgundy and patron of learning, copying manuscript books at the Hague about the time typography was invented ] [Illustration] WHEN BOOKS WERE WRITTEN To many persons the words “Printing” and “Typography” are synonymous. The Standard dictionary, in its leading definition of the word “Printer,” says: “One engaged in the trade of typographical printing; one who sets type or runs a printing press; specifically a compositor.” But in these days there are so many kinds of printers (lithographic printers, steel- and copper-plate printers, linotype printers, textile printers, etc.) that to define the sort of printer who does his work with type the use of the adjective “typographic” is necessary. The word “typography” is derived from the Greek _typos_, or type; and _graphe_, or writing—type-writing. Typography, then, as I shall use it, means printing from movable, or separate, types. The origin of typography may be open to dispute, but it is an undeniable fact that the art of printing with separate types was practiced at Mainz, Germany, during the years 1450–1455, and from there spread over Europe. Before that period books were written by hand or printed from crudely engraved blocks of wood. * * * * * The thousand years preceding the invention of printing (the fifth to the fifteenth century) are known in history as the Middle Ages, and the first six centuries of this period (the fifth to the eleventh) are called the Dark Ages, because during those years civilization in Europe relapsed into semi-barbarism, and scientific, artistic and literary pursuits were almost entirely abandoned.