“FRANCIS I. AND ELEANOR HIS WIFE AT PRAYERS.” PART OF A WINDOW IN THE CHURCH OF ST. GUDULE IN BRUSSELS. FROM “L’HISTOIRE DE LA PEINTURE SUR VERRE EN EUROPE.” This magnificent window was given to the Church of St. Gudule by Francis I. and Eleanor of Spain, his wife, sister of Charles V., and widow by her first marriage of Emmanuel the Great, King of Portugal. The donors are represented kneeling, each one protected by his or her patron saint; the king is attended by St. Francis of Assisi, who is receiving in a vision the impress of the stigmata of Jesus on the Cross; the queen is accompanied by St. Eleanor, who holds in her hand the palm of the elect. This window is from a design by Bernard van Orley. Francis I. and Eleanor expended on the window two hundred and twenty-two crowns, or four hundred florins, an important sum in those days (1515-47). [Illustration: FRANCIS I. AND ELEONORA AT THEIR DEVOTIONS. Portion of a Stained Glass Window in the Church of St. Gudule at Brussels.] Walter, dared to launch his satire against doctrine itself, and to ridicule transubstantiation by representing a pope shovelling four evangelists into a mill, from which come forth a number of wafers; these a bishop is receiving into a cup in order to distribute them to the wondering people. Any edification of the masses by the powerful effect of transparent images placed, so to speak, between the earth and heaven, soon ceased to be possible, and glass-painting, henceforth alienated from the special aim of its origin, was destined also to disappear.” [Illustration: Fig. 238.--Temptation of St. Mars, a Hermit of Auvergne, by the Devil disguised as a Woman. Fragment of a Window of the Sainte-Chapelle of Riom. Fifteenth Century. (From “Histoire de la Peinture sur Verre,” by M. F. de Lasteyrie.)] FRESCO-PAINTING. The Nature of Fresco.--Employed by the Ancients.--Paintings at Pompeii.--Greek and Roman Schools.--Mural Paintings destroyed by the Iconoclasts and Barbarians.--Revival of Fresco, in the Ninth Century, in Italy.--Fresco-Painters since Guido of Siena.--Principal Works of these Painters.--Successors of Raphael and Michael Angelo.--Fresco in _Sgraffito_.--Mural Paintings in France from the Twelfth Century.--Gothic Frescoes of Spain.--Mural Paintings in the Low Countries, Germany, and Switzerland.