Arms of the Time of Charlemagne.--Arms of the Normans at the Time of the Conquest of England.--Progress of Armoury under the Influence of the Crusades.--The Coat of Mail.--The Crossbow.--The Hauberk and the Hoqueton.--The Helmet, the Hat of Iron, the Cervelière, the Greaves, and the Gauntlet; the Breastplate and the Cuish.--The Casque with Vizor.--Plain Armour and Ribbed Armour.--The Salade Helmet.--Costliness of Armour.--Invention of Gunpowder.--Bombards.--Hand-Cannons.--The Culverin, the Falconet.--The Arquebus with Metal-holder, with Match, and with Wheel.--The Gun and the Pistol. CARRIAGES AND SADDLERY 107 Horsemanship among the Ancients.--The Riding-horse and the Carriage-horse.--Chariots armed with Scythes.--Vehicles of the Romans, the Gauls, and the Franks: Carruca, the Petoritum, the Cisium, the Plastrum, the Basterna, the Carpentum.--Different kinds of Saddle-horses in the Days of Chivalry.--The Spur a distinctive Sign of Nobility: its Origin.--The Saddle, its Origin and its Modifications.--The Tilter.--Carriages.--The Mules of Magistrates.--Corporations of Saddlers and Harness-makers, Lorimers, Coachmakers, Chapuiseurs, Blazonniers, and Saddle-coverers. GOLD AND SILVER WORK 123 Its Antiquity.--The Trésor de Guarrazar.--The Merovingian and Carlovingian Periods.--Ecclesiastical Jewellery.--Pre-eminence of the Byzantine Goldsmiths.--Progress of the Art consequent on the Crusades.--The Gold and Enamels of Limoges.--Jewellery ceases to be restricted to Purposes of Religion.--Transparent Enamels.--Jean of Pisa, Agnolo of Siena, Ghiberti.--Great Painters and Sculptors from the Goldsmiths’ Workshops.--Benvenuto Cellini.--The Goldsmiths of Paris. HOROLOGY 169 Modes of measuring Time among the Ancients.--The Gnomon.--The Water-Clock.--The Hour-Glass.--The Water-Clock, improved by the Persians and by the Italians.--Gerbert invents the Escapement and the moving Weights.--The Striking-bell.--Maistre Jehan des Orloges.--Jacquemart of Dijon.--The first Clock in Paris.--Earliest portable Timepiece.--Invention of the spiral Spring.--First appearance of Watches.--The Watches, or “Eggs,” of Nuremberg.--Invention of the Fusee.--Corporation of Clockmakers.--Noted Clocks at Jena, Strasburg, Lyons, &c.--Charles-Quint and Jannellus.--The Pendulum. MUSICAL INSTRUMENTS 187