Music in the Middle Ages.--Musical Instruments from the Fourth to the Thirteenth Century.--Wind Instruments: the Single and Double Flute, the Pandean Pipes, the Reed-pipe.--The Hautboy, the Flageolet, Trumpets, Horns, _Olifants_, the Hydraulic Organ, the Bellows-Organ.--Instruments of Percussion: the Bell, the Hand-bell, Cymbals, the Timbrel, the Triangle, the _Bombulum_, Drums.--Stringed Instruments: the Lyre, the Cithern, the Harp, the Psaltery, the _Nable_, the _Chorus_, the _Organistrum_, the Lute and the Guitar, the _Crout_, the _Rote_, the Viola, the _Gigue_, the Monochord. PLAYING-CARDS 223 Supposed Date of their Invention.--Existed in India in the Twelfth Century.--Their connection with the Game of Chess.--Brought into Europe after the Crusades.--First Mention of a Game with Cards in 1379.--Cards well known in the Fifteenth Century in Spain, Germany, and France, under the name of _Tarots_.--Cards called _Charles the Sixth’s_ must have been _Tarots_.--Ancient Cards, French, Italian, and German.--Cards contributing to the Invention of Wood-Engraving and Printing. GLASS-PAINTING 251 Painting on Glass mentioned by Historians in the Third Century of our Era.--Glazed Windows at Brioude in the Sixth Century.--Coloured Glass at St. John Lateran and St. Peter’s in Rome.--Church-Windows of the Twelfth and Thirteenth Centuries in France: Saint-Denis, Sens, Poitiers, Chartres, Rheims, &c.--In the Fourteenth and Fifteenth Centuries the Art was at its Zenith.--Jean Cousin.--The Célestins of Paris: Saint-Gervais.--Robert Pinaigrier and his Sons.--Bernard Palissy decorates the Chapel of the Castle of Ecouen.--Foreign Art: Albert Dürer. FRESCO-PAINTING 269 The Nature of Fresco.--Employed by the Ancients.--Paintings at Pompeii.--Greek and Roman Schools.--Mural Paintings destroyed by the Iconoclasts and Barbarians.--Revival of Fresco, in the Ninth Century, in Italy.--Fresco-Painters since Guido of Siena.--Principal Works of these Painters.--Successors of Raphael and Michael Angelo.--Fresco in _Sgraffito_.--Mural Paintings in France from the Twelfth Century.--Gothic Frescoes of Spain.--Mural Paintings in the Low Countries, Germany, and Switzerland. PAINTING ON WOOD, CANVAS, ETC 283 The Rise of Christian Painting.--The Byzantine School.--First Revival in Italy.--Cimabue, Giotto, Fra Angelico.--Florentine School: Leonardo da Vinci, Michael Angelo.--Roman School: Perugino, Raphael.--Venetian School: Titian, Tintoretto, Veronese.--Lombard School: Correggio, Parmigianino.--Spanish School.--German and Flemish Schools: Stephen of Cologne, John of Bruges, Lucas van Leyden, Albert Dürer, Lucas van Cranach, Holbein.--Painting in France during the Middle Ages.--Italian Masters in France.--Jean Cousin.