Manuscripts in Olden Times.--Their Form.--Materials of which they were composed.--Their Destruction by the Goths.--Rare at the Beginning of the Middle Ages.--The Catholic Church preserved and multiplied them.--Copyists.--Transcription of Diplomas.--Corporation of Scribes and Booksellers.--Palæography.--Greek Writings.--Uncial and Cursive Manuscripts.--Sclavonic Writings.--Latin Writers.--Tironian Shorthand.--Lombardic Characters.--Diplomatic.--Capetian.--Ludovicinian.--Gothic.--Runic.-- Visigothic.--Anglo-Saxon.--Irish. MINIATURES IN MANUSCRIPTS 443 Miniatures at the Beginning of the Middle Ages.--The two “Vatican” Virgils.--Painting of Manuscripts under Charlemagne and Louis le Débonnaire.--Tradition of Greek Art in Europe.--Decline of the Miniature in the Tenth Century.--Origin of Gothic Art.--Fine Manuscript of the time of St. Louis.--Clerical and Lay Miniature-Painters.--Caricature and the Grotesque.--Miniatures in Monochrome and in Grisaille.--Illuminators at the Court of France and to the Dukes of Burgundy.--School of John Fouquet.--Italian Miniature-Painters.--Giulio Clovio.--French School under Louis XII. BOOKBINDING 471 Primitive Binding of Books.--Bookbinding among the Romans.--Bookbinding with Goldsmith’s Work from the Fifth Century.--Chained Books.--Corporation of _Lieurs_, or Bookbinders.--Books bound in Wood, with Metal Corners and Clasps.--First Bindings in Leather, honeycombed (_waffled?_) and gilt.--Description of some celebrated Bindings of the Fourteenth and Fifteenth Centuries.--Sources of Modern Bookbinding.--John Grollier.--President de Thou.--Kings and Queens of France Bibliomaniacs.--Superiority of Bookbinding in France. PRINTING 485 Who was the Inventor of Printing?--Movable Letters in ancient Times.--Block Printing.--Laurent Coster.--_Donati_ and _Specula_.--Gutenberg’s Process.--Partnership of Gutenberg and Faust.--Schœffer.--The Mayence Bible.--The Psalter of 1457.--The “Rationale” of 1459.--Gutenberg prints by himself.--The “Catholicon” of 1460.--Printing at Cologne, Strasbourg, Venice, and Paris.--Louis XI. and Nicholas Jenson.--German Printers at Rome.--_Incunabula._--Colard Mansion.--Caxton.--Improvement of Typographical Processes up to the Sixteenth Century. [Illustration] TABLE OF ILLUSTRATIONS. I. CHROMOLITHOGRAPHS. Plate To face page 1. The Annunciation. Fac-simile of Miniature taken from the “Hours” of Anne de Bretagne, formerly belonging to Catherine de Medicis FRONTISPIECE 2. Distaff and Bedposts of the Sixteenth Century 20 3. Adoration of the Magi. Bernese Tapestry of the Fifteenth Century 46