ENGRAVING 315 Origin of Wood-Engraving.--The St. Christopher of 1423.--“The Virgin and Child Jesus.”--The earliest Masters of Wood-Engraving.--Bernard Milnet.--Engraving in _Camaïeu_.--Origin of Engraving on Metal.--The “Pax” of Maso Finiguerra.--The earliest Engravers on Metal.--Niello Work.--_Le Maître_ of 1466.--_Le Maître_ of 1486. Martin Schöngauer, Israel van Mecken, Wenceslaus of Olmutz, Albert Dürer, Marc Antonio, Lucas van Leyden.--Jean Duret and the French School.--The Dutch School.--The Masters of Engraving. SCULPTURE 339 Origin of Christian Sculpture.--Statues in Gold and Silver.--Traditions of Antique Art.--Sculpture in Ivory.--Iconoclasts.--Diptychs.--The highest Style of Sculpture follows the Phases of Architecture.--Cathedrals and Monasteries from the year 1000.--Schools of Burgundy, Champagne, Normandy, Lorraine, &c.--German, English, Spanish, and Italian Schools.--Nicholas of Pisa and his Successors.--Position of French Sculpture in the Thirteenth Century.--Florentine Sculpture and Ghiberti.--French Sculptors from the Fifteenth to the Sixteenth Century. ARCHITECTURE 373 The Basilica the first Christian Church.--Modification of Ancient Architecture.--Byzantine Style.--Formation of the Norman Style.--Principal Norman Churches.--Age of the Transition from Norman to Gothic.--Origin and Importance of the _Ogive_.--Principal Edifices in the pure Gothic Style.--The Gothic Church, an Emblem of the Religious Spirit in the Middle Ages.--Florid Gothic.--Flamboyant Gothic.--Decadency.--Civil and Military Architecture: Castles, Fortified Enclosures, Private Houses, Town-Halls.--Italian Renaissance: Pisa, Florence, Rome.--French Renaissance: Mansions and Palaces. PARCHMENT AND PAPER 413 Parchment in Ancient Times.--Papyrus.--Preparation of Parchment and Vellum in the Middle Ages.--Sale of Parchment at the Fair of Lendit.--Privilege of the University of Paris on the Sale and Purchase of Parchment.--Different Applications of Parchment.--Cotton Paper imported from China.--Order of the Emperor Frederick II. concerning Paper.--The Employment of Linen Paper, dating from the Twelfth Century.--Ancient Water-Marks on Paper.--Paper Manufactories in France and other parts of Europe. MANUSCRIPTS 423