The atom and the Bohr theory of its structure : $b an elementary presentationHolst, Helge
Science
The atom and the Bohr theory of its structure : $b an elementary presentation
Holst, Helge
Atomic theory
As has been said (cf. p. 130), it has been found that in the limiting
region (sufficiently low frequencies) where the Bohr theory and the
classical electrodynamics are merged in their outward features, a
series of frequencies ν₁, ν₂, ν₃ for monochromatic radiation, emitted
by different atoms in the single jumps, double jumps, etc., of the
electrons, are equal to the frequencies ω, 2ω, 3ω ... which, according
to the laws of electrodynamics, are contained in each of these atoms
respectively as fundamental and the first, second ... overtones in the
motion of the electron. Farther away from this region the two sets of
frequencies are no longer equally large, but it is easy to understand,
from the foregoing, the meaning of the statement that, for example,
the radiation of a triple jump with the frequency ν₃ “corresponds”
to the second overtone 3ω in the revolution of the electron. It is
this correspondence which Bohr traces back to the regions where
there is even a great difference in two successive orbits and where
the frequency produced by a transition between these orbits is very
different from the frequencies of revolution in the two orbits or
their overtones. He expresses himself as follows: “The probability for
the occurrence of single, double, triple jumps, etc., is conditioned
by the presence in the motion of the atom of the different constituent
harmonic vibrations having the frequency of the fundamental, first
overtone, second overtone, etc., respectively.”
In order to understand how this “correspondence,” apparently so
indefinite, can be used to derive important results, we shall give
an illustration. Let us assume that the mechanical theory for the
revolution of an electron in the hydrogen atom had led to the result
that the orbits of the electrons always had to be circles. According to
the laws of electrodynamics, the motion of the electron would in this
case never give any overtones, and, according to the correspondence
principle, there could not appear among the frequencies emitted by
hydrogen any which would correspond to the overtones, _i.e._,
there would not be any double jumps, triple jumps, etc., produced,
but the only transitions would be those between successive stationary
orbits. The investigation of the spectrum shows, however, that multiple
jumps occur as well as single jumps, and this fact may be taken as
evidence that the orbits in the hydrogen atom are not usually circles.
Let us next assume that, instead, we had obtained the result that the
orbits of the electrons are always ellipses of a certain quite definite
eccentricity, corresponding to certain definite ratios in intensity
between the overtones and the fundamentals; that, for instance, the
intensity of the classical radiation due to the first overtone is in
all states of motion always one-half that due to the fundamental, the
intensity due to the second overtone always one-third that due to the
fundamental, etc.
Public-domain text, read in full here on John Shaqi.
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