Bibliography 231 Index 235 _Illustrations_ _Figure_ _Page_ 1 Fur-trade canoe on the Missinaibi River, 1901. (_Canadian Geological Survey photo._) 2 2 Page from a manuscript of 1771, "Observations on Hudsons Bay," by Alexander Graham, Factor. (In archives of Hudson's Bay Company.) 9 3 Canoes from LaHontan's _Nouveaux Voyages ... dans l'Amerique septentrionale_, showing crude representations typical of early writers. 11 4 Lines of an old birch-bark canoe, probably Micmac, brought to England in 1749 from New England. (_From Admiralty Collection of Draughts, National Maritime Museum, Greenwich._) 12 5 Ojibway Indian carrying spruce roots, Lac Seul, Ont., 1919. (_Canadian Geological Survey photo._) 15 6 Roll of bark for a hunting canoe. Algonkin Reserve, at Golden Lake, Ont., 1927. 16 7 Sketch: wood-splitting techniques, cedar and spruce. 17 8-19 Sketches of tools: 8, stone axe; 9, stone hammer, wedge, and knife; 10, mauls and driving sticks; 11, stone scraper; 12, bow drill; 13, modern Hudson Bay axe; 14, steel fur-trade tomahawk; 15, steel canoe awls; 16, crooked knives; 17, froe; 18, shaving horse; 19, bucksaw. 17 20 Peeling, rolling, and transporting bark. (_Sketches by Adney._) 25 21 Sketch: Building frame for a large canoe. 26 22, 23 Sketches: Effect on canoe bottom of crimping and goring bark. 30 24 Sketch: Canoe formed by use of gores and panels. 31 25 Gunwale ends nailed and wrapped with spruce roots. (_Sketch by Adney._) 31 26 Gunwales and stakes on building bed, plan view. (_Sketch by Adney._) 32 27 Photo: Gunwale lashings, examples made by Adney. 33 28 Photo: Gunwale-end lashings, examples made by Adney. 33 29 Sketch: Splints arranged in various ways to sheath the bottom of a canoe. 34 30 End details, including construction of stem-pieces. (_Sketches by Adney._) 35 31 Lines of 2½-fathom St. John River Malecite canoe. 36