[16] According to thoroughly trustworthy reports, the Japanese in the battle of Tsu-shima were the first to employ a new kind of explosive in their shells, the secret of which they bought during the war from its inventor, a colonel in one of the South American Republics. It was said that these shells could only be used in guns of large calibre in the armoured squadrons, and that is how those of our ships engaged with Admiral Kataoka’s squadron did not suffer the same amount of damage, or have so many fires, as the ships engaged with the battleships and armoured cruisers. Very convincing proofs of this were the cases of the _Svietlana_ and _Donskoy_. On 28th May the former was subjected to the fire of two light cruisers, and the latter to the fire of five. In the first place, both were able to hold out for a considerable time, and in the second (and this is most important), they did not catch fire, although on both ships--the _Donskoy_, which was one of the older type, and the _Svietlana_, which was like a yacht--there was considerably more combustible material than on the newer type of battleship. For a great many years in naval gunnery two distinct ideas have prevailed--one is to inflict on the enemy, although not necessarily much (in quantity), severe and heavy damage--_i.e._ to stop movement--to penetrate under the water-line--to get a burst in the hull below the water-line--briefly, to put the ship at once out of action. The other is to pour upon him the greatest volume of fire in the shortest time--though it be above water and the actual damage caused by each individual shot be immaterial--in the hope of paralysing the ship, trusting that if this were done it would not be difficult to destroy her completely--that she would, in fact, sink by herself. With modern guns, in order to secure the first of the above ideas, solid armour-penetrating projectiles must be employed--_i.e._ thick-coated shells (whose internal capacity and bursting charge is consequently diminished), and percussion fuzes with retarded action, bursting the shell inside the target. To secure the second idea shells need only be sufficiently solid to ensure their not bursting at the moment of being fired. The thickness of their walls may be reduced to the minimum, and their internal capacity and bursting charge increased to the utmost limits. The percussion fuses should be sensitive enough to detonate at the slightest touch. The first of the above views prevails chiefly in France, the second in England. In the late war we held the first, and the Japanese the second. [17] A colonel of the marine artillery--flag gunnery officer. [18] By the Admiral’s order the iron oil drums, instead of being thrown away, had been converted into buckets, and these home-made contrivances were placed about the decks. [19] In the Battle of Tsu-shima the Japanese losses were: