{123b} See _The Zincali_, part ii. chap. vii. {124} See _The Zincali_, part ii. chap. vi. = _cauring_ in English Romany. _Romano Lavo-Lil_, p. 245. {126} “Say nothing to him, my lad; he is a hog of an _alguazil_.” {127} “At your service.” {132} “Who goes there?” Fr. _Qui vive_? The proper answer to the challenge by a Spanish sentry is _España_, “Spain,” or _Piasano_, “a civilian.” {133a} “Shut up;” “Hold your tongue.” {133b} Stealing a donkey. {135} See _The Zincali_, part i. ch. v. {138a} See Introduction. {138b} _El Serrador_, a Carlist partisan, who about this period was much talked of in Spain. Note by Borrow (see the Glossary, _s.v._). {138c} He is a man indeed; _lit._ very much a man. {143} On foot. {146} Estremadura was for long years a vast winter pasturage whither the flocks from the Castiles were driven each successive autumn, to return to their own cooler mountains on the return of summer. The flocks were divided into _cabañas_ of about 10,000 sheep, in charge of fifty shepherds and fifty of their immense dogs. {150a} “All are taken.” {150b} No doubt Oropesa, where the Duke of Frias has an ancient and somewhat dilapidated palace. {152} Las Batuecas is a valley in the south-west corner of the modern province of Salamanca, four leagues from the city of that name, eight leagues from Ciudad Rodrigo, and about six leagues from Bejar. The principal town or village in the remote valley itself was Alberca. The strange inhabitants of the valley of Batuecas are entirely legendary, as is the story of their discovery by a page of the Duke of Alva in the reign of Philip II. See _Verdadera relacion de las Batuecas_, by Manuel de Gonzalez (Madrid, 1693), Ponz, _Viaje_ vii. 201; Feijoo, _Teatro Critico_, iv. 241, where the valley is compared with the equally mythical island of Atlantis. {153} More commonly spelt ticking. {154} See _Lavengro_, chap. 1. {156a} The conventional diminutive of Pepa, which is itself the diminutive of Josefa, as is Pepe of Josefe. {156b} This is, of course, a fancy name. Borrow has chosen that of a Spanish Jew, one of the great Rabbinical commentators. See _The Zincali_, part i. chap. ii. {157a} This concession to local prejudice is delightful. But it must be remembered that _barraganeria_ or recognized concubinage was approved by Church and State in Spain for many hundred years. See Burke’s _History of Spain_, vol. i., Appendix ii. {157b} Ferdinand the Catholic and his wife Isabella. Their systematic persecution and banishment of the Jews—the edict was dated March 30, 1492—are well known. {162} The street of the Bramble. {163} See the Introduction, and Duncan, _The English in Spain_, _passim_.