Child development; Infant psychology; Motor ability in children
Clear seeing, let us here recall, is not done with the whole retina,
but only with a tiny spot in the centre, the so-called “yellow spot,”
or “macula lutea.” If the image of an object falls to one side of this,
especially if it is far to one side, we get only a shapeless impression
that something is there; we “catch a glimpse of it,” as we say. In
order really to look at it we turn our eyeballs toward the object till
the image falls on the spot of clear vision. We estimate the distance
through which to turn the balls, down to minute fractions of an inch,
by the feeling in the eye muscles.
This was what the baby had done, and I do not dare to say how many
philosophical and psychological discussions are involved in her
doing it. Professor Le Conte thinks that it shows an inborn sense of
direction, since the eyes are turned, not toward the side on which
the ray strikes the retina, but toward the side from which the ray
enters the eye; that is, the baby thinks out along the line of the ray
to the object it comes from, thus putting the object outside himself,
in space, as we do. Professor Wundt, the great German psychologist, is
positive that the baby has no sense of space or direction, but gains it
by just such measurements with the eye muscles; that there is no right
nor left, up nor down, for him, but only associations between the look
of things off at one side, and the feel of the eye action that brings
them to central vision.
This means that before a baby can carry the eye always through just
the right arc to look at an object, he must have made this association
between the look of things and the feel of the action separately for
each point of the retina. It is a great deal for a baby to have learned
in three weeks; still, babies have to learn fast if they are ever to
catch up with the race; and in the early roamings of the eye they
experience over and over all manner of transits of images to and fro
across the retina. Probably, too, it was still only partially learned.
I watched now for what Preyer’s record had led me to expect as the next
development in vision--the ability to follow a moving object with the
eyes; that is, to hold the yellow spot fixed on the object as it moved,
moving the eyeball in time with it in order to do so. I used my hand to
move to and fro before the baby, and could not satisfy myself that she
followed it, though she sometimes seemed to; but the day after she was
a month old I tried a candle, and her eyes followed it unmistakably;
she even threw her head back to follow it farther. In trying this
experiment, one should always use a bright object, should make sure
the baby’s eyes are fixed on it, and then should move it very slowly
indeed, right and left.
Public-domain text, read in full here on John Shaqi.
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