The Biological Problem of To-day: Preformation Or Epigenesis?: The Basis of a Theory of Organic DevelopmentHertwig, Oscar
Science
The Biological Problem of To-day: Preformation Or Epigenesis?: The Basis of a Theory of Organic Development
Hertwig, Oscar
Developmental biology; Embryology; Genetics
Weismann decides boldly--but again without bringing forward proof--in
favour of the former interpretation. 'For the chromatin,' he remarks,[10]
'cannot _become_ different in the cells of the fully formed organism; the
differences in the chromatin controlling the cells must begin with the
development of the egg-cell and must increase as development proceeds; for
otherwise the different products of the division of the egg-cell could not
give rise to entirely different hereditary tendencies. This is, however,
the case.' Weismann represents to himself that[11] 'the changes of the
idioplasm depend on purely internal causes, which lie in the physical
nature of the idioplasm. In obedience to these, a division of the nucleus
accompanies each qualitative change in the idioplasm, in which process the
different qualities are distributed between the two resulting halves of the
chromatin rods.'
I shall proceed to show that this conception involves material difficulties
and contradictions. It will be found that characters totally contradictory
are ascribed to Weismann's idioplasm. On the one hand, it is credited with
being a stable substance, possessing a coherent, complicated architecture;
in the form of ancestral plasms it is supposed to be handed on, from one
individual to another, unchanged through many generations; on the other
hand there is ascribed to it a labile architecture, that allows a free and
perpetual casting loose of rudiments, of such a kind that at each division
there is caused a complete rearrangement and unequal division of these
rudiments. In the one case, the inner forces produce a reciprocal, coherent
bond between the numerous rudiments; in the other case, permit change of
their position and relations to one another, and this not only once but in
orderly, definite fashion, different in each of many successive divisions,
so that the _id_ comes to possess a completely altered architecture. 'Each
_id_ in every stage' (p. 77 of the English edition), has its definitely
inherited architecture; its structure is a complex, but a perfectly
definite one, which, originating in the _id_ of germplasm, is transferred
by regular changes to the subsequent idic stages. The structure exhibited
in all these stages exists potentially in the architecture of the _id_ of
germplasm: to this architecture is due, not only the regular distribution
of the determinants--that is to say the entire construction of the body
from its primary form.'
Unfortunately, Weismann's hypothesis tells us nothing at all about these
internal causes, that depend upon the physical nature of the idioplasm;
that is to say, nothing at all about the causes which, working in a fashion
so contradictory and astonishing, really produce the whole development.
Public-domain text, read in full here on John Shaqi.
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