[173]In order not to overload this Appendix with footnotes, we shall refer only to the most important monuments. These are conveniently collected in J. Capart, _Primitive Art in Egypt_, London, 1905. Detailed discussions with references will be found there and in the following three works: H. Frankfort, _Studies in Early Pottery of the Near East_, I (London, 1924), 117-42; A. Scharif, “Neues zur Frage der ältesten Aegyptisch-Babylonischen Kulturbeziehungen” in _Zeitschrift für Aegyptische Sprache_, LXXI (1935), 89-106; H. Frankfort, “The Origin of Monumental Architecture in Egypt” in _American Journal of Semitic Languages and Literatures_, LVIII (1941), 329-58. In this last article, I have formulated disagreement with certain ideas propounded by Scharff, especially as regards cylinder seals, and have shown (_op. cit._, 354, n. 55) that the relief of shell in Berlin (also depicted by Capart, _op. cit._, 83, Figs. 50-1) is a purely Mesopotamian object, and therefore irrelevant to the present discussion. [174]They occur on the Small Hierakonpolis palette: Capart, _op. cit._, Fig. 172. [175]See also the University College knife-handle (Capart, _op. cit._, 72, Fig. 37) and the Berlin knife-handle (Capart, _op. cit._, 73, Fig. 38.) [176]Gebel el Arak knife-handle (Fig. 23); Small Louvre palette (Capart, _op. cit._, 235, Fig. 174); Lion palette (Capart, _op. cit._, 239, Fig. 178 plus 241, Fig. 180); Zaki Youssef Saad, _Royal Excavations at Saqqara and Helwan_, 1944-5, _Supplément aux Annales du Service des Antiquités de l’Egypte_, 166, Fig. 14. [177]The Egyptian manner of representing carnivores and their prey is shown in the central row of animals on the Hunters’ palette (Fig. 25) where they appear in headlong flight. See also the Small Hierakonpolis palette and Egyptian renderings of the historical periods. In Mesopotamia the prey is rendered as unaffected by the attack; our Fig. 14, for instance, can be matched by a seal (Frankfort, _Cylinder Seals_, Plate V _a_) where a lion is shown striking his claws into a bull’s hindquarters. The bull stands as in our figure. This is but one example from many. Another instance of this rendering in Egypt is found on a macehead from Hierakonpolis (Capart, _op. cit._, 97, Fig. 68) with alternating dogs and lions, each of which attacks the one before him with teeth and claws. This type of design, a circular interlocking by activation of the individual figures, is characteristic for Mesopotamia and occurs on numerous cylinder seals, on the silver vase of Entemena, and on the macehead of Mesilim of Kish in the Louvre. [178]See Frankfort, _Cylinder Seals_, Epilogue _et passim_.