A Abu Shahrein, 46. _See also_ Eridu Abydos, 95, 96, 102 administration, Egyptian, 99 ff. African character of early Egyptian civilization, 39; modern A. parallels, 33, 70, 120 agriculture: Egyptian, 100, 105 f., 113 f.; Al Ubaid period, 44; of Mesopotamian cities, 63 ff.; neolithic, 29 f., 32; social consequences of introduction, 34 f. Akkad, 82, 87, 88 Akkadian, 83 Alabdeh tribe, 34 allotments of temple land, 65 f. Al Ubaid culture, period, 44, 45, 46, 47, 48, 54, 83, 126 Amon-re, texts glorifying, 19 f. Amorites, 88 Amratian culture, 39 amulets, funerary, 123 animal forms, use of, in art, 124 f., 131, 134-35 Anu, 55, 88 Arabia, Southern, 136 Arabs of marshes of S. Iraq, 43, 45 f., 60 architecture, 45, 55, 56, 127, 128; monumental appearance of, 49, 126, 127; Protoliterate, influence of in Egypt, 97, 126 f. _See also_ bricks, houses, recessed buildings, reed structures, temples army service, 69; usually as labour corps, 108 f., 118 art: Egyptian, 92, 97; Mesopotamian influence in, 124 f.; Mesopotamian Protoliterate, 59 f.; palaeolithic, 27; representational, 50 assemblies in Sumerian cities, 77 f. Assur, 84 B Babylon, 48, 137 Badarian culture, 39 Baghdad, 53 barter, 73, 117 Bes, 109 blind, employment of, 69 boats on Nile, 112 Brak, temple at, 84, 87, 133, 136 bricks, 45, 126 Byblos, 36, 119 C calendar, 62, 86. _See also_ seasons canals, 53, 66 Cappadocia, 133 Carchemish, 36 Chagar Bazar, 36 Cilicia, 36 cities: Egyptian, insignificance of, 97; Mesopotamian, basis of rulers’ power, 98; economic organization of, 64 ff; particularism, 88; political institutions, 77 ff.; ruled by deity, 54, 61; rural connections of, 61 civilization, genesis of, 2 ff. climate, 26, 51 f., 68, 69 Collingwood, R. G., 15 f. common land, 65 copper, 40 f., 45, 75, 100 _corvée_, 65, 76 n. 27, 80, 108, 109 craftsmen, 67, 73, 110, 111 Crocodilopolis, 116 crops, 29, 68, 113-14 cylinder seals, 58-59, 60 and n., 83, 97, 122 Cyrus the Persian, 89 D dictatorship, 78 f. Djet, Stele of, 129, 132 drainage, 34, 113 dress, Sumerian, 75 f. dynamics of civilizations, 3, 12, 13