E Egypt: compared with Mesopotamia, 49; early conditions, 37 f.; foreign contacts of, 39 f.; formative period, 51; ideal of society in, 23-24; Mesopotamian influence in, 122 ff.; time of, 135-36; predynastic culture phases, 39; rural life in, 104, 105, 106 f.; sickles, 29; Spengler’s idea of, 9 f.; Toynbee’s, 18 f., 22-23; unification of, 90 f. Elam, 67, 74 Elamites, 88 Enki, 47 Enlil, 56, 63, 88 _ensi_, “governor,” functions, 79-80; equality of Mesopotamian citizens, 77 Erech, 54, 55 f., 60, p 78 n., 124 Eridu (Abu Shahrein), 47, 128 exchequer, Egyptian, 100, 101, 118 F Fayum, 30, 94 festivals, 62 First Dynasty (Egyptian), 30, 95, 113, 122-23, 126, 127, 128, 130, 136-37 First Intermediate period, 39, 111, 119 fish, fishing, 47, 68, 112 floods of Tigris, 53. _See also_ Nile flood “forms” of civilization, 3, 7, 25, 49, 94 Fourth Dynasty, 99 frankincense, 118, 137 G Gebel el Arak, knife-handle from, 92, 124, 134 Gerzean period, 40 f., 122, 136, 137 Gizeh, workmen’s barracks at, 108 gods: chthonic, 57; of waters, 47; man created to serve, 63; Pharaoh regarded as a, 54, 129; rulers of Mesopotamian cities, 54, 57 “gold” reward of merit, 111 Guti, 88 H Hadendoa tribe, 33 Hassuna, 30, 36 Herodotus, 8, 137 hieroglyphs, 131 history, idea of progress in, 15 f.; theories of, 4 ff.; distinction between prehistory and, 26 f. Hittites, 88 houses, Mesopotamian, 75 hunting, 38, 112 Hyksos, 18, 19 I Inanna, temple of, 55 inventions, neolithic, 35 f. Iraq, 30 irrigation, 31 ff., 34, 49 J Jamdat Nasr, Late Protoliterate, formerly called, 132 Jericho, 36 K Kassites, 88 Khafajah, 67 n., 75, 84 king-figure in art, p 78 n., 124 kingship, 78, 79, 86 and n., 93, 94 f., 98, 120 Kish, 75 knife-handles, 92. _See also_ Gebel el Arak Koptos, 137 L labour corps, housing of, 108 Lagash, 68, 79, 81 Lahun, workmen’s town at, 109 land of Mesopotamian cities, division and cultivation, 64 f. language: Akkadian, 52, 83; Egyptian, Hamitic elements in, 39, 40 f.; Sumerian, 51 f. law, 86; Pharaoh fount of, 99 Lebanon, timber from, 96, 118 Libya, 28, 97 _lugal_, “great man,” “king,” 78 f., 79 Lugalzaggesi, 83 luxuries, trade in, 37