1A. Bone sickle haft with end carved in form of animal’s (goat’s) head, and groove for inserting flints, 38 cm. long, from Mugharet el-Kebarah, Natufian (_Journal of the Royal Anthropological Institute_, LXII [1932], Plate XXVII, 1) 1B. Upper part of bone sickle haft with carving of a young deer, about 11 cm. long, from Mugharet el-Wad, Lower Natufian (D. A. E. Garrod and D. M. A. Bate, _The Stone Age of Mount Carmel_, Vol. I [Oxford, 1937], Plate XIII, 3) 1C. Upper part of bone sickle haft with end carved in form of human figure and groove, 12.8 cm. long, from Sialk in Persia (R. Ghirshman, _Fouilles de Sialk_, Vol. I [Paris, 1938], Plate LIV, 1) 1D. Sickle of wood with cutting edge of flints, 51.5 cm. long, from the Fayum (G. Caton-Thompson and E. W. Gardner, _The Desert Fayum_ [London, 1934], Plate XXX) 1E. Wooden sickle of the First Dynasty with cutting edge of flints, 45 cm. long, from Saqqara (Walter B. Emery, _The Tomb of Hemaka_ [Cairo, 1938], Plate XV, D) 2. Camp site at Hassuna (_Journal of Near Eastern Studies_, IV [1945], Fig. 27) 3. Papyrus swamp on the Upper Nile (Courtesy of Natural History Museum, New York) 4. Chart of the sequence of predynastic and protodynastic remains, by Dr. Helene J. Kantor, Oriental Institute, University of Chicago 5. Sculptured trough in the British Museum (W. Andrae, _Das Gotteshaus and die Urformen des Bauens im alten Orient_ [Berlin, 1930], Plate II) 6. Marsh Arabs in Southern Iraq (Photo Underwood) 7. Clay objects of the Al Ubaid period, from Tell Uqair, in the Iraq Museum, Baghdad (_Journal of Near Eastern Studies_, II [1943], Plate XVI) 8. The “White Temple” on its ziggurat at Erech (_Achter vorläufiger Bericht, Abhandlungen der Preussischen Akademie der Wissenschaften_, 1937, Phil.-Hist. Klasse, Plate 40_b_) 9. Semi-engaged columns covered with cone mosaic (_Dritter vorläufiger Bericht, Abhandlungen der Preussischen Akademie der Wissenschaften_, 1932, Phil.-Hist. Klasse, Plate I) 10. Colonnade on platform at Erech (_ibid._, Plate 8) 11. The Ishtar ziggurat at Erech in Assyrian times (W. Andrae, in Otto, _Handbuch der Archaeologie_, Plate 144) 12. Cult relief, from Assur (W. Andrae, _Kultrelief aus dem Brunnen des Assurtempels zu Assur_ [1931], Plate I) 13. The development of Mesopotamian writing (J. H. Breasted, _Ancient Times_, 2nd ed. [Boston, 1935], Fig. 86) 14. Impression of a cylinder seal of the Protoliterate period showing bulls and ears of barley (Frankfort, _Cylinder Seals_ [London, 1939], Plate V_b_) 15. Impression of a cylinder seal of the Protoliterate period showing offerings of fruit, vases, etc., being made to the