Wutzu, place of, in Chinese literature, 7; offensive-defensive tactics of, 10; comments disinterestedly on war, 12-13; revered in Japan, 14; influence of, in late Japanese war, 15; not patriot, but strategist, 15; instance of low moral character of, 16; sayings of, 75-119; a scholar, but skilled in war, 75; made general before altar, 77; on controlling army, selecting men, and strengthening country, 81-82; on distribution of men, 82; on battle array, 83; gives instance of Lord Chuang of Chu, 84; sayings on estimation of the enemy, 85-93; on eight cases of attack, 89; on six enemies to avoid, 90-91; on judgment of enemy's condition, 92; on best time for attack, 92-93; on control of army, 93-100; on maintenance of order, 96; on expectation of life or death, 96; on training, 97; on treatment of horses, 99; on qualities of general, 101-107; on four important influences of war, 102; on use of bells, drums, flags, standards, banners, laws, and penalties, 104; on secret of war, 104; advice for case of troops in confusion, 108; on numerical differences, 109; on division of troops into five armies, 110-111; on differences of position, 112; on war in valleys, 112; on water fighting, 114; on fighting after long rain, 114; on pillage by enemy, 115; on investing a castle, 115; on impartiality, 116; success of counsels of, 119 Y Yang, principle in Chinese philosophy, 18, _note_ Yen, estimation of soldiers of, 85-86; nature of, 87 Yin, principle in Chinese philosophy, 18, _note_ Yin, province of, 73 Yin, even number, 76, _note_ Yueh, continually at war with Wu, 38, _note_ Yuhu, Prince, 76 PRINTED AT THE EDINBURGH PRESS, 9 AND 11 YOUNG STREET FOOTNOTES: [1] The five virtues of humanity, righteousness, propriety, wisdom and faith are known as The Way. [2] The Yin and Yang are the two principles into which natural phenomena are divided in Chinese philosophy. Yin is the masculine, active, or light principle, and Yang is the feminine, passive, or dark principle. In this connection, day and night, rain, mist and wind are designated. [3] The Chinese army consisted of 12,500, the "lu" of 500, "tsu" of 50, and the "wu" of 5 men. [4] The "Chuyin" was a large tower or work constructed to give command over the interior of the enemy's fortress. High poles were also erected, from the top of which archers, each encased in an arrow-proof box and raised by a rope and pulley, shot at the besieged. [5] Literally 9th heaven, and 9th earth. The Chinese divided the earth and sky each into 9 strata. [6] An animal's coat is thinnest in autumn. [7] The drum was used to beat the assembly and in the advance, the bell as a signal to halt. Flags were of two kinds, signalling flags and distinguishing banners.