[8] The normal and the abnormal refer to what in modern phrase are termed the frontal or holding force and the flanking or surprise force. [9] The five cardinal tastes are, acridity, bitterness, sourness, sweetness and saline taste. [10] Sun, as has been said, was a man of Wu. Wu and Yueh were continually at war. [11] Wood, fire, earth, metal and water. [12] This passage was written on the standard of Takeda Shingen, one of Japan's most famous generals. [13] This and the following are so called because the men are continually thinking of, and slipping back to their homes. [14] The population was divided, for military purposes, into groups of eight families. In time of war, each group sent one man into the field, furnished his wants, and provided for his family. Therefore if 100,000 men are taken, 700,000 homes are affected. [15] So called because they are put to death when the enemy finds out that he has been tricked. [16] Messengers and others, who do not disguise their identity, are included under this heading. [17] Literally, right and left men, _i.e._ they who sat on either side. [18] All numbers connected with weapons were Yin, that is to say--even, or belonging to the negative principle of Chinese philosophy from their connection with death. [19] The back of a turtle was burnt, and the answer was ascertained by the manner in which the shell split. [20] Halberd, shield, javelin, pike, and short pike. [21] Silently. * * * * * * Transcriber's note: Every effort has been made to replicate this text as faithfully as possible. OE ligatures have been expanded. The following is a list of changes made to the original. The first line is the original line, the second the corrected one. Page 40: reap advantage; the wrangles of a multitude are frought with peril. reap advantage; the wrangles of a multitude are fraught with peril. Page 92: Chi answered and said:-- Wu answered and said:-- Page 95: "By what means can the army gain the victory? "By what means can the army gain the victory?" Page 109: And Lord Wu asked and said:-- And Lord Wen asked and said:--