21. Bows of the fourteenth century . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 21 22. 23. Bows of the fifteenth century . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 21 24. Bows of the sixteenth century . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 22 25. Bows of the seventeenth century (drawn actual size from specimens now in existence) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 25 26. Bows of the eighteenth century (drawn actual size from specimens now in existence) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 27 27. Showing detachable nut of some early bows . . . . . . . . . 28 28. Heels of early bows . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 29 29. The Cremaillere . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 30 30. Head and nut of ornamented Cremonese bow (actual size) . . . 32 31. Head and nut of Dodd bow (reduced) . . . . . . . . . . . . . 33 32. Head of Dodd bow (actual size) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 34 33. Geometrical construction showing gradation of stick (Fetis) 43 34. Bow stick in the rough (greatly reduced) . . . . . . . . . . 65 35. Pattern of bow head (actual size) . . . . . . . . . . . . . 65 36. Ivory face in the rough . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 68 37. Gauge for nuts (actual size) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 69 38. Parts of a bow . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 72 39. Tip of bow showing "cups" . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 73 40. Head of bow showing trench . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 74 41. Nut of bow showing screw and method of hairing . . . . . . . 75 42. End view of nut showing bow with unequal facets . . . . . . 76 43. Dr. Nicholson's bow . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 82 44. A fifteenth century violist . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 91 45. A seventeenth century gambist (from Sympson) . . . . . . . . 93 THE BOW: Its History, Manufacture and Use. PART I. THE HISTORY OF THE BOW. CHAPTER I. ORIGIN OF INSTRUMENTS--FRICTIONAL VIBRATION--THE BOW DISTINCT FROM THE PLECTRUM--THE TRIGONON--BOWING WITH VARIOUS OBJECTS. As has been observed by the most talented writer on this subject "the history of the bow is practically that of the violin." It will therefore be readily understood that in the earlier portions of this _opusculum_ it will be impossible to separate them to any great extent; also, I must crave my readers' indulgence for going over a considerable tract of already well trodden ground. My excuse must be my desire for completeness, for, as I propose to deal with the evolution of the modern bow, I find it difficult to arbitrarily select a starting point to the exclusion of all previous details, whether of ascertained fact or conjecture. Therefore I will follow the invariable custom of fiddle literature and go back to the regions of speculative history for a commencement.