[Footnote 60: Duro, _op. cit._, iii. ch. xvi.; iv. chs. iii., viii.] [Footnote 61: Portugal between 1581 and 1640 was subject to the Crown of Spain, and Brazil, a Portuguese colony, was consequently within the pale of Spanish influence and administration.] [Footnote 62: Blok: History of the People of the Netherlands, iv. p. 36.] [Footnote 63: Blok: History of the People of the Netherlands, iv. p. 37; Duro, _op. cit._, iv. p. 99; Gage, _ed._ 1655, p. 80.] [Footnote 64: Brit. Mus., Add. MSS., 36,325, No. 10.] [Footnote 65: Robert Rich, Earl of Warwick, was created admiral of the fleet by order of Parliament in March 1642, and although removed by Charles I. was reinstated by Parliament on 1st July.] [Footnote 66: Brit. Mus., Sloane MSS., 793 or 894; Add. MSS., 36,327, No. 9.] [Footnote 67: Winwood Papers, ii. pp. 75-77.] [Footnote 68: Brown: Genesis of the United States, i. pp. 120-25, 172.] [Footnote 69: C.S.P. Colon., 1574-1660.] [Footnote 70: C.S.P. Colon., 1574-1660.] [Footnote 71: Clarendon State Papers, ii. p. 87; Rymer: F[oe]dera, xx. p. 416.] [Footnote 72: Duro, _op. cit._, ii. p. 462.] [Footnote 73: Duro, _op. cit._, iii. pp. 236-37.] [Footnote 74: C.S.P. Venet., 1603-07, p. 199.] [Footnote 75: Winwood Papers, ii. p. 233.] [Footnote 76: Brit. Mus., Add. MSS., 36,319, No. 7; 36,320, No. 8; 36,321, No. 24; 36,322, No. 23.] [Footnote 77: C.S.P. Colon., 1574-1660:--1629, 5th and 30th Nov.; 1630, 29th July.] [Footnote 78: Gage saw at Cartagena about a dozen English prisoners captured by the Spaniards at sea, and belonging to the settlement on Providence Island.] [Footnote 79: C.S.P. Colon., 1574-1660:--1635, 19th March; 1636, 26th March.] [Footnote 80: Brit. Mus., Add. MSS., 36,323, No. 10.] [Footnote 81: Duro, Tomo., iv. p. 339; _cf._ also in Bodleian Library:--"A letter written upon occasion in the Low Countries, etc. Whereunto is added avisos from several places, of the taking of the Island of Providence, by the Spaniards from the English. London. Printed for Nath. Butter, Mar. 22, 1641. "I have letter by an aviso from Cartagena, dated the 14th of September, wherein they advise that the galleons were ready laden with the silver, and would depart thence the 6th of October. The general of the galleons, named Francisco Dias Pimienta, had beene formerly in the moneth of July with above 3000 men, and the least of his ships, in the island of S. Catalina, where he had taken and carried away with all the English, and razed the forts, wherein they found 600 negroes, much gold and indigo, so that the prize is esteemed worth above halfe a million."] [Footnote 82: Rawl. MSS., A. 32,297; 31, 121.] CHAPTER II THE BEGINNINGS OF THE BUCCANEERS