417. Whoso hath left behind all ties that bind on earth, And e'en the heavenly world transcended hath; Whoso from every tie is free; Him I deem a Brāhmaṇa. 415. Who joy and pain hath left, who from the heat of life Is cooled, and hath no basis of rebirth, Heroic conqueror of the worlds; Him I deem a Brāhmaṇa. 419. Who knows the rise and fall of things in birth and death, Who is not of the world, who hath the path Well trod, who hath become awake; Him I deem a Brāhmaṇa. 420. Whose passage[9] hence the gods themselves cannot discern, Nor demi-gods nor men; a worthy one In whom the passions are subdued; Him I deem a Brāhmaṇa. 421. To whom pertaineth naught of past or future things Or of the present; one who owneth naught, Who hath no wish for anything; Him I deem a Brāhmaṇa. 422. Dauntless,[10] pre-eminent, heroic mighty seer, The conqueror, desireless one, made clean,[11] Whose eyes have opened to the light,[12] Him I deem a Brāhmaṇa. 423. Who knows his former births, who sees both heaven and hell,[13] Who now at last hath reached the end of births; Perfect in knowledge he who hath done all things well, That sage I call a Brāhmaṇa. [1] Cf. v. 178. [2] _Akataññu_, "unconditioned," Nibbāṇa. [3] 'lit. one for whom there exists neither this shore (the stream being not yet entered) nor that shore (Arahantship being yet unattained) nor both shores (as he has now attained)'. [4] _Sāhita_, "removed," the supposed etymology of _Brāhmana_; as _samitatta_, "quieted" is here supposed to be that of _samana_, ascetic monk. _Pabbajjā_ is one who "goes forth," takes the robes, becomes ordained a Buddhist mendicant monk. [5] Cf. the words of the Christ to the Pharisees: "Now do ye Pharisees make clean the outside of the cup and the platter, but your inward part is full of ravening and wickedness." The word used, _gahanam_, 'grasping,' may also mean 'jungle'. [6] These were the marks of the early and stricter ascetics; even to-day the _bhikkhus_ of Ceylon have their robes made of pieces of cloth sewn together, but these are not picked from the dust-heap. [7] "Hail-fellow," _bhovādi_, one who uses the disrespectful term of _bho_, "I say! man". These Brahmins who did not accept the Buddha as Master would address Him in this way, and of course they were often wealthy men. [8] _The strap_ is said to be hate; _the thong_, desire; _the ropes_, orthodoxy with its attendant narrowness; _the bar_, ignorance that shuts the door of knowledge. [9] _Cuti_; _gati_; the "fall" from other worlds into this one, and the 'going' or passage or state of the next birth. [10] Like a bull. [11] _Nahātakam_, an allusion to the ceremonial bathing of the Brāhmaṇa after finishing his course of studies. [12] The meaning of buddha.