The Burial Customs of the Ancient GreeksGraves, Frank Pierrepont
History
The Burial Customs of the Ancient Greeks
Graves, Frank Pierrepont
Burial -- Greece; Greece -- Antiquities
We know that the body was carried to the grave on a _kline_ or
bier[135], presumably that on which the _prothesis_ had been
accomplished, but who conveyed it thither is in doubt. It would
naturally be expected that it was borne by relatives or friends of
the deceased, yet no authority has been found to support the surmise.
There is, on the contrary, a passage in Pollux[136] which might be
construed to indicate that there was a class of men who were called,
professionally, “corpse-bearers” or “buriers,” and whose sole business
was pall-bearing. Pollux is rather late authority, but, on turning back
to the tragedies, Electra appears, telling her brother to let the crows
and dogs act as “buriers” of Ægisthus[137]. Furthermore, it is a number
of trained slaves that carry Alcestis to the tomb[138].
When a man of prominence died, he was borne to the grave by youths
chosen by the people[139]. There is a reported instance of the
burial of a priest, where one hundred youths[140], trained in the
gymnasium, were selected by the relatives of the deceased. It was
the custom for members of a fraternity to act as pall-bearers for one
of their fellows. Demonax[141], when he died, was borne along by his
brother philosophers. That custom survives to our time in the funeral
processions of the _free-masons and odd-fellows_.
In the van of the procession, just before the corpse[142], or
immediately behind, came the hired dirge-singers, pouring forth their
doleful lays[143]. Plato, perhaps through carelessness, speaks of
these hired singers in the masculine gender[144]; but Hesychius is
undoubtedly correct in stating that women[145] habitually took that
part. They were first brought over from Caria[145], and hence the
significance of the allusion to a dirge as a “Carian melody[144].”
The late authors, Pollux[146] and Sextius Empiricus[147], confounded
the dirge-singers with the Roman _praeficae_ and thought that they were
flute-players. The flutes of ivory which have been discovered in some
of the Grecian graves, would seem to support that view[148]. Schreiber
has a picture of a funeral procession, in which a flute-player is seen
behind the rude wagon that bears the body of the deceased[149].
Any _man_ might join in the dismal march to the grave, but every
_woman_ was debarred the melancholy privilege, unless she had passed
her sixtieth year[150], or was connected with the deceased by blood and
was over sixteen years of age. There are two instances mentioned in
literature when this law was violated. Lysias[151] refers to a daughter
who followed her stepmother to the grave; while Terence, whose plays
are adaptations and almost translations of the Greek comedies, makes
poor Glycerium attend the funeral of her adopted sister, the beautiful
Andrian[152]. Even in those cases, the exception is rather apparent
than real; for, in each instance, affection has transmuted a nominal
into an actual kinship.
Public-domain text, read in full here on John Shaqi.
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