In Germany, notwithstanding repeated efforts by successive popes, Pius V, Gregory XIII, and others, and edicts by Maximilian II and Rudolf II, it was evidently impracticable to keep control or supervision over the productions of the rapidly increasing printing-presses, presses which, instead of being concentrated as at Paris, were distributed through a great number of widely separated towns. A letter written in 1582 by the Bishop of Vienna indicates that the lists in the Roman editions of the Index were not accepted as final authority. “You can permit the use of books printed in Munich, Ingolstadt, Cologne, and other such towns [_i.e._ towns under good ecclesiastical influence] but those from Wittenberg, Tübingen, etc., must be forbidden. It will be well for the inspectors to take in their hands the catalogue of the Frankfort Fair in which are given the titles of the Protestant theological books. They will also find useful the Index as printed in Cologne and in Venice.”[130] In 1566, Josias Simler writes: “A new Index has been promulgated in which so many books are condemned that many Italian professors complain they will no longer be able to deliver their lectures. The Frankforters and Zürichers and other German cities have written to the authorities of Venice begging them not to accept the Index.”[131] Kirchhof speaks of the German book-trade with Italy as being practically destroyed through the enforcement of the regulations of Trent, while the book-dealers of Italy itself were isolated and in many cases ruined.[132] The Dominican Bernardo Castiglione writes, in 1581: “In Rome, there is at present much watchfulness concerning the books coming into Italy. The Inquisitors are charged with the duty of prohibiting or destroying copies of this work or that. As a result, the booksellers dare not give orders, and are often unable to sell the books they have received. I understand that there are now lying in the Roman shops unsalable books to the value of many thousand _scudi_.”[133] A noteworthy omission in the catalogue of the Trent Index is the entire list of condemned Bibles and Testaments which had constituted an important division in the Index of Paul IV. Mendham calls attention to the omission of the name of John della Casa.