_1209._ _A Synod at Paris_ condemns the _Physion_ of Amalric (Amaury) of Chartres (who had died five years earlier), excommunicates the writer, and orders his remains to be cast out of their resting place in consecrated ground. Amaury had undertaken to identify the Divine Nature with the primary matter of Aristotle. A number of the followers of Amaury were, in December, 1210, burned under the commands of Philip Augustus. _1209._ _The Synod of Paris_ condemns the writings of David of Dinant. It also forbids, under pain of excommunication, the reading of the _de Metaphysica_ until it had been expurgated. _1215._ _The Lateran Council_ condemns the same work. _1215._ _The fourth Synod of the Lateran_ condemns the tractate written by the Abbot Joachim against Peter Lombard. Joachim had died in 1202. The decree reads: “Any one who shall attempt to defend the heretical utterances of the said Joachim concerning the Trinity shall be thrust out as a heretic.” It was ordered that the writings of Joachim were to be submitted to the Curia for correction. _1225._ _A Synod at Sens_ passes condemnation on the treatise by Scotus Erigena (written about 860), _De Divisione Naturae_. Pope Honorius confirmed this condemnation and ordered that all persons possessing copies of the book must, under penalty of excommunication, deliver the same, within fifteen days, to the ecclesiastical authorities for burning.[23] _1231._ _Pope Gregory IX_ writes to the University of Paris directing the prohibition of the _Libri naturales_ of Aristotle, as condemned by the Provincial Council, until they have been freed from heresies. _1276._ _Bishop Stephen Tempier_, under instructions from the Pope (John XXI), and in council with the prelates of his diocese, publishes a condemnation of 219 propositions which had been under discussion in the Schools. The judgment states, rather naïvely, that while they were true philosophically, they were false when tested by the doctrine of the Church. The bishops condemned at the same time a long series of books on magic and necromancy and ordered all copies to be delivered for destruction within seven days. One of the teachers whose influence was most potent during the middle of the 13th century against the heresies that were disturbing university circles was the great schoolman Thomas Aquinas. A writer in the Dublin _Review_ says that by his astounding powers of reasoning, he turned the tide of scepticism in Paris, “whose vocation it was to teach the world!”--Before the lectures of Aquinas began, other measures had been used against the heretics: “Ten disciples of the misbelieving David Dinanto were given over to the civil arm and had perished in the flames.” Archbishop Vaughan says naïvely, “several fanatics of low rank had to be burnt.”[24] In 1300, Gherardo Segarelli, of Parma, the founder of the Apostolic Brothers, was burned, together with such copies of his writings as had been collected.