One peculiarity of the condemnation of this particular group of books is the fact that their pernicious character came to the attention of the Congregation or of the examiners in many cases only a number of years after the publication of the books themselves, and, as has been pointed out, there are commemorated in this manner, as deserving of attention, not a few books which had gone out of print and had been practically forgotten in the communities in which they had been published. Of the works on exegesis and in Church history published in Germany during the 17th century and the first half of the 18th, a number of the most important never found their way into the Index. The titles selected covered in the majority of cases comparatively insignificant books. There is, for instance, a long list of the controversial German writings directed against Bellarmin, Becanus, and Grester, which escaped attention altogether in Italy. Among the better known names which did come under condemnation during this period are those of Joh. L. Mosheim, for his _Ecclesiastical History_ and his treatise on the _Institutions of Christianity_, and Swedenborg for the _Opera philosophica et mineralia_, published in Dresden in 1734 and prohibited in 1737. In the Index of Benedict, the _Opera philosophica_ is omitted and in its place is given the _Principia rerum naturalium_. The other treatises of this voluminous author escaped condemnation. The prohibition of Mosheim’s Church History was not sufficiently conclusive to prevent the book from being read in Italy. In 1769, an Italian translation by Roselli was published in Naples in ten volumes. This particular edition was never listed in the Indexes. CHAPTER II THE TREATMENT OF THE SCRIPTURES UNDER CENSORSHIP 1. Germany. 2. France. 3. Netherlands. 4. Spain. 5. England. 6. Scriptures in the Vernacular. =1. Germany.=--The cordial co-operation extended by the Church to the work of the printers continued until the Humanists, more than a generation before the protest of Luther, began to assail the authority of the Church and the infallibility of the pope. The ecclesiastics now took the ground that errors and heresies arose through a wrongful understanding of the Scriptures, and from the beginning of the 16th century, took measures to discourage, and finally to prohibit, the circulation of the Scriptures.