Standards of education. Clinical teaching. Rabelais' principles. Early printed medical books. Leonicenus. Linacre. Caius. Montanus. Paracelsus, chemistry and medicine, physical factors, in therapy, occupation diseases. Rejection of pretensions to knowledge. Paracelsus' contributions to surgery. Animal magnetism. Absurdities. Basil Valentine. Theories of auto-toxaemia. Cornelius Agrippa. Influence of mind on body. Pathological anatomy. Benivieni. Joost van Lom. Schenck von Graffenberg. Petrus Forestus. Fracastorius. Paré on gout. Drugs from the new world. Botanical gardens. Theory and observation. Mental diseases, differentiation. Balneotherapy. Jerome Cardan, absurdities. Cornaro's longevity. Sanitary regulations. Pure food laws. Popular hygiene. Alcoholic beverages. Health boards in Italy. Tuberculosis contagion. Sir Thomas More on the place of the physician {xvi} CHAPTER XIII SURGERY 409 Printing of old surgical text-books. Magnificent hospitals. Study of gunshot wounds. Ambroise Paré. Experiments with bullets. Surgical specialties. Orthopedics. Bone surgery. Blood transfusion. Tracheotomy tube. Magnet in surgery. Cesarean operation. Gynaecology and obstetrics. Heart surgery. Cosmetic surgery. Artificial noses, lips and eyelids. Aseptic surgery. Pyemia as an infectious disease. Paracelsus against meddlesome surgery. German surgeons. Pfolspeundt, tubes in intestinal surgery. Brunschwig on the necessity of anatomy. Stiffened bandages. Gerssdorff, surgery of anchyloses. Hall on experience in surgery. Gurlt's four hundred pages on Renaissance surgery BOOK III. THE BOOK OF THE WORDS CHAPTER I LATIN LITERATURE 427 Latin the universal language of scholars. Three great books: The "Imitation of Christ," "Utopia" and the "Spiritual Exercises" of St Ignatius. The "Imitation" the most influential of human books. Other works by à Kempis. Tributes to the "Imitation"; saints, jurists, soldiers, scholars agree in lauding it. One of the world's supremely great books. Illustrative passages. The Ode on Love. "Utopia" and Plato's "Republic" and St. Augustine's "City of God." A vivid piece of fiction. A profound social study. Translation by Bishop Burnet. The "Spiritual Exercises" a book of things, not words. Erasmus' _"Colloquia"_ and the _"Encomium Moriae"_ CHAPTER II ITALIAN LITERATURE 442