Phases of feminine education before our time. Italian universities. Benedictine convents. Charlemagne's time. St. Brigid of Ireland. Vittorino da Feltre and his pupils. Guarino. Physical training. Lucretia, the mother of Lorenzo the Magnificent. Isabella and Beatrice D'Este. Abundant opportunities of feminine education. Influence on their homes. Renaissance gardens. _Camerini_ of Isabella D'Este. Lucretia Borgia's apartments. Feminine devotion to social problems. Comparison with our own time. Public appearances. Olympia Morata. Angela Merici, founder in education. The Ursulines and the Jesuits. Their continued activity all over the world. Anne of Bretagne. Marguerite of Navarre. Sex. Feminine education in Spain. Prescott's tribute. Feminine education in England: Margaret of Anjou, Margaret Beaufort, the Countess of Arundel, Lady Jane Grey, Mary Queen of Scots, Queen Elizabeth, Margaret More. Charitas Pirkheimer. Feminine education and religion. "Beauty, disposition, education, virtue, piety combined to make them harmonious human beings" (Burckhardt) {xv} CHAPTER X PHYSICAL SCIENCE OF THE CENTURY 343 Science developed as wonderfully as art and literature. Translations of the classics of science. Cardinal Nicholas of Cusa. Puerbach. Regiomontanus. Cardinal Bessarion. Scientific scholars in Italy from all over the world. Linacre, Vesalius, Caius. Toscanelli and Columbus. Copernicus and a new universe. His attitude toward the reformation. Leonardo da Vinci, scientist and inventor. The scientific spirit. Telesio and the inductive method. Chemistry in medicine. Basil Valentine and Paracelsus. Columbus and the declination of the magnetic needle CHAPTER XI BIOLOGICAL SCIENCES 360 Nature study in the Middle Ages. Anatomists of the Renaissance. Acute Italian observation. Leonardo da Vinci. Supposed Church opposition to dissection. All the artists dissectors. Vesalius, father of modern anatomy. Columbus, Fallopius, Eustachius, Aranzi, Servetus. Caesalpinus. Circulation of the blood. Harvey's indebtedness to the Italian anatomists. Botany. Leonardo da Vinci, Brunfels, Fuchs, Tragus, Euricius and Valerius Cordus. Tributes to Valerius Cordus. Caesalpinus as a botanist. Ruellius and Pierre Belon in France. Spanish and Portuguese studies of American and Indian plants CHAPTER XII MEDICINE 381