Greek teachers, Chalcondyles, Gaza, Trebizond and Argyropulos. Pope Nicholas V. Academy of Florence. Landino, Ficino and Politian. Italian academies. Pomponius Laetus, Platina, Roman Academy, Vitruvian Academy, Academy of Naples, Venice, Calepinus. Pico della Mirandola. CHAPTER VII THE SCHOLARSHIP OF THE TEUTONIC COUNTRIES 513 Nowhere scholarship deeper than in Germany. Brothers of the Common Life, founders, purpose. Great pupils. Nicholas of Cusa. Rudolph Agricola. John of Dalberg. Jacob Wimpheling. Alexander Hegius. Erasmus. Melanchthon. Reuchlin. Ulrich von Hutten. Conrad Muth (Mutianus). Conrad Celtes, edition of Hroswitha's plays. Dürer and Wilibald Pirkheimer. Sandys on the German Humanists. Janssen on classic culture and Christian scholarship. Critical studies. CHAPTER VIII SCHOLARSHIP OUTSIDE OF ITALY AND GERMANY 531 Every country in Europe interested in the New Learning. The first teacher of the French, Aleander, an Italian. Budé (Budaeus), devotion to study. Foundation of College de France. Toussain, Turnebus, Rabelais, Montaigne. Rabelais "science without conscience is the ruination of the soul." The Scaligers. Spanish scholars: Guzman, Antonio of Lebriza, Barbosa, all three students in Italy. Cardinal Ximenes, the University of Alcalá, Complutensian Polyglot. Grammar under the domination of Spanish minds. Portugal, the University of Coimbra. England early shared enthusiasm for New Learning. Linacre, John Free and Caius were teachers at Italian universities. Lord Grey of Codnor; John Tiptoft, Earl of Worcester. Erasmus on English scholarship. Greek students: Selling, Grocyn, William Latimer, Lily, John Fisher. Critical scholarship. APPENDIX I SIR THOMAS MORE AND MAN'S SOCIAL PROBLEMS 545 Religious toleration and More's practice. Standing armies and their evils. "Balanced fear" and the balance of power. Over-estimation of gold and precious stones. A living wage. Not pleasure but virtue the end of life. Forest conservation. Scientific books. Division of time. More's own home. {xix} APPENDIX II AFTER THE REFORMATION 553 Decadence in the arts, education, scholarship and humanitarianism begins immediately after the Reformation and culminates at the end of the eighteenth century. Education not freer; academic liberty less (Prof. Paulsen). The New Learning and the Reform doctrines. Bishop Bale on the neglect of books. Wanton destruction of libraries. Decadence in art, "King Whitewash and Queen Ugliness supreme." Gerhard Hauptmann on decay in art as the exorbitant price of personal freedom of conscience. Decline of charity. Jail-like hospitals. Dissolution of social organization.