CHAPTER VIII. WHAT IT IS THAT MAKES BOYS BAD, 129 CHAPTER IX. LITTLE MARY ELLEN'S LEGACY, 142 CHAPTER X. THE STORY OF THE FRESH AIR FUND, 153 CHAPTER XI. THE KINDERGARTENS AND NURSERIES, 174 CHAPTER XII. THE INDUSTRIAL SCHOOLS, 187 CHAPTER XIII. THE BOYS' CLUBS, 215 CHAPTER XIV. THE OUTCAST AND THE HOMELESS, 245 CHAPTER XV. PUTTING A PREMIUM ON PAUPERISM, 277 CHAPTER XVI. THE VERDICT OF THE POTTERS FIELD, 286 REGISTER OF CHILDREN'S CHARITIES, 291 LISTS OF ILLUSTRATIONS Saluting the Flag, _Frontispiece_ PAGE The Mott Street Barracks, 16 An Italian Home under a Dump, 25 A Child of the Dump, 28 Pietro Learning to Make an Englis' Letter, 32 "Slept in the Cellar Four Years," 41 A Synagogue School in a Hester Street Tenement, 46 The Backstairs to Learning, 48 Class of Melammedim Learning English, 50 "I Scrubs."--Katie who Keeps House in West Forty-ninth Street, 61 Present Tenants of John Ericsson's Old House, now the Beach Street Industrial School, 73 Their Playground a Truck, 86 Shine, Sir? 100 Little Susie at her Work, 110 Minding the Baby, 114 "Shooting Craps" in the Hall of the Newsboys' Lodging House, 122 Case No. 25,745 on the Society's Blotter, Before and After, 146 Club Used for Beating a Child, 152 Summer Boarders from Mott Street, 158 Making for the "Big Water," 167 Floating Hospital--St. John's Guild, 169 Playing at Housekeeping, 177 Poverty Gappers Playing Coney Island, 183 Poverty Gap Transformed--the Spot where Young Healey was murdered is now a Playground, 185 The Late Charles Loring Brace, Founder of the Children's Aid Society, 188 The First Patriotic Election in the Beach Street Industrial School--Parlor in John Ericsson's Old House, 201 The Board of Election Inspectors in the Beach Street School, 207 The Plumbing Shop in the New York Trade Schools, 212