C. Antiphons were originally verses sung as a refrain between each verse of the Psalms, one side of the choir taking the former and the other the latter. The refrain varied at different seasons and festivals. An example of this early and more elaborate use survived in the Breviary in the treatment of the Venite as an Invitatory Psalm. But gradually, for the sake of brevity, this method {105} was abandoned, and the normal use of antiphons in the Breviary was simply after (or on festivals before and after) each Psalm or set of Psalms. The advantage of the antiphon lay in the fact that it shewed at once with what particular intention the Psalm was sung, as the same Psalm naturally might be sung on many different occasions and with reference to a different season or festival. But the very complex nature of the antiphons or "anthems" led the English Reformers to abandon them altogether; "many times," as they said, "there was more business to find out what should be read, than to read it when it was found out." The only traces of antiphons left in the Prayer Book are: (1) "O Sapientia," in the Kalendar on December 16, the first words of the first of the "Greater Antiphons" to the Magnificat, which began on that day and continued till Christmas Eve, each commencing with some striking Old Testament title of the Messiah; (2) in the Litany, the repetition of the words, "O Lord, arise," etc., shews that this is the antiphon to the Psalm "O God, we have heard" (perhaps originally the whole of Ps. xliv., but now one verse only); (3) the words "O Saviour of the world," etc., in the Office for the Visitation of the Sick. The last is the best example: the antiphon connects the recitation of Ps. lxxi. with the Passion of our Lord; the _intention_ of the Psalm is thus shewn to be the association of our sufferings in sickness with {106} the Cross of Christ (_cf._ the second exhortation in the same office). D. Helps to the study of the Psalter. _Literal Meaning_: Kirkpatrick, in the _Cambridge Bible_ (3 vols.). The Introduction is extremely useful, and an excellent list of the literature bearing on the Psalter is also given. Perowne, _The Book of Psalms_. Cheyne, _The Book of Psalms_. Barry, _Teacher's Prayer Book_. _Mystical and Spiritual Meaning_: Neale and Littledale, _Commentary on the Psalms_ (4 vols.). This has a very valuable Introduction on the Psalms as used in the offices of the Church, and a dissertation (in vol. i.) on the mystical and literal interpretation of the Psalms. Walpole, _The People's Psalter_. _General_: Prothero, _The Psalms in Human Life_. Marson, _The Psalms at Work_. Church, _The Sacred Poetry of Early Religions_, in _The Gifts of Civilisation_. _The Discipline of the Christian Character_, iii. Robertson Smith, _The Old Testament in the Jewish Church_, lect. vii. Orr, _The Problem of the Old Testament_, c. xii. Alexander (Archbishop), _The Witness of the Psalms to Christ_. {107} APPENDIX