Macchiavelli and his views 84 Siena and Genoa 86 CHAPTER VIII. FOREIGN POLICY OF THE ITALIAN STATES. Envy felt towards Venice 88 Relations to other countries: sympathy with France 89 Plan for a balance of power 90 Foreign intervention and conquests 91 Alliances with the Turks 92 Counter-influence of Spain 94 Objective treatment of politics 95 Art of diplomacy 96 CHAPTER IX. WAR AS A WORK OF ART. Firearms 98 Professional warriors and dilettanti 99 Horrors of war 101 CHAPTER X. THE PAPACY AND ITS DANGERS. Relation of the Papacy to Italy and foreign countries 103 Disturbances in Rome from the time of Nicholas V. 104 Sixtus IV. master of Rome 105 States of the Nipoti in Romagna 107 Cardinals belonging to princely houses 107 Innocent VIII. and his son 108 Alexander VI. as a Spaniard 109 Relations with foreign countries 110 Simony 111 Cæsar Borgia and his relations to his father 111 Cæsar’s plans and acts 112 Julius II. as Saviour of the Papacy 117 Leo X. His relations with other States 120 Adrian VI. 121 Clement VII. and the sack of Rome 122 Reaction consequent on the latter 123 The Papacy of the Counter-Reformation 124 Conclusion. The Italian patriots 125 PART II. _THE DEVELOPMENT OF THE INDIVIDUAL._ CHAPTER I. THE ITALIAN STATE AND THE INDIVIDUAL. The mediæval man 129 The awakening of personality 129 The despot and his subjects 130 Individualism in the Republics 131 Exile and cosmopolitanism 132 CHAPTER II. THE PERFECTING OF THE INDIVIDUAL.