The many-sided men 134 The universal men 136 CHAPTER III. THE MODERN IDEA OF FAME. Dante’s feeling about fame 139 The celebrity of the Humanists: Petrarch 141 Cultus of birthplace and graves 142 Cultus of the famous men of antiquity 143 Literature of local fame: Padua 143 Literature of universal fame 146 Fame given or refused by the writers 150 Morbid passion for fame 152 CHAPTER IV. MODERN WIT AND SATIRE. Its connection with individualism 154 Florentine wit: the novel 155 Jesters and buffoons 156 Leo X. and his witticisms 157 Poetical parodies 158 Theory of wit 159 Railing and reviling 161 Adrian VI. as scapegoat 162 Pietro Aretino 164 PART III. _THE REVIVAL OF ANTIQUITY._ CHAPTER I. INTRODUCTORY REMARKS. Widened application of the word ‘Renaissance’ 171 Antiquity in the Middle Ages 172 Latin poetry of the twelfth century in Italy 173 The spirit of the fourteenth century 175 CHAPTER II. ROME, THE CITY OF RUINS. Dante, Petrarch, Uberti 177 Rome at the time of Poggio 179 Nicholas V., and Pius II. as an antiquarian 180 Antiquity outside Rome 181 Affiliation of families and cities on Rome 182 The Roman corpse 183 Excavations and architectural plans 184 Rome under Leo X. 184 Sentimental effect of ruins 185 CHAPTER III. THE OLD AUTHORS. Their diffusion in the fourteenth century 187 Discoveries in the fifteenth century 188 The libraries 189 Copyists and ‘Scrittori’ 192 Printing 194