The few coins of Humāyūn’s short second reign of six months which have survived show that he had adopted both the new silver and copper standards of the Sūrīs, though he also coined dirhams. With Akbar’s accession, in 1556 (A.H. 963), begins the Mug̱ẖal coinage proper. The special value placed by Muhammadan sovereigns on the privilege of coining has already been noticed; Muḥammad bin Tug̱ẖlaq used his money as a means of imposing decrees upon his subjects; in a more refined way Akbar used the coinage to propagate his new “Divine” faith; and both he and the cultured Jahāngīr detected in it a ready medium for the expression of their artistic tastes. The importance attached to the currency by the Mug̱ẖal emperors is further revealed in the full accounts given by Akbar’s minister, Abū-l-faẓl, in the _Āīn-i-Akbarī_, and by Jahāngīr in his memoirs, the _Tūzuk-i-Jahāngīrī_, and by the number of references to the subject by historians throughout the whole period. From these and from a study of the coins themselves scholars have collected a mass of materials, from which it is now possible to give a fairly comprehensive account of the Mug̱ẖal coinage. Abū-l-faẓl and Jahāngīr mention a large number of gold and silver coins, varying from 2,000 tolahs[61] to a few grains in weight. Gigantic pieces are also mentioned by Manucci, Hawkins and others; and Manucci says that they were not current, but that the king (Shāh Jahān) “gave them as presents to the ladies.” They were also at times presented to ambassadors, and appear, indeed, to have been merely used as a convenient form in which to store treasure. Naturally very few of these pieces have survived, but a silver coin of Aurangzeb is reported to be in Dresden, which weighs five and a half English pounds, and there is a cast of a 200-muhar piece of Shāh Jahān in the British Museum. In the British Museum also are two five-muhar pieces, one of Akbar and one of Jahāngīr, both struck in the Āgra mint. A few double rupees of later emperors, and a ten-rupee piece of Shāh ’Ālam II of Sūrat mint are also known. The standard gold coin of the Mug̱ẖals was the muhar, of about 170 to 175 grains, the equivalent of nine rupees in Abū-l-faẓl’s time. With the exception of a few of Akbar’s square issues, which are slightly heavier, and Jahāngīr’s experiment during his first five years, when it was raised first by one-fifth to 204 grains, and then by one-fourth to 212·5 grains, the muhar maintains a wonderful consistency of weight and purity to the end of the dynasty. Half and quarter muhars are known of several emperors, and a very few smaller pieces. [61] The tolah in Jahāngīr’s time weighed probably between 185 and 187 grains.