Extent of Indian Troubles in the Region of the Columbia--Destruction of the _Tonquin_--Conflicting Policies of the British and the Americans in Regard to the Fur-trade--Advances in Settlement by Americans, and Indian Opposition--The Whitman Mission and its Relations to the Indians, and to the Hudson's Bay Company--The Pestilence of 1847--The Whitman Massacre--Mr. Osborne's Reminiscences--Saving of the Lapwai and Tshimakain Missions--The Cayuse War--Great War of 1855-56--Kamiakin and Peupeumoxmox--Governor I. I. Stevens of Washington Territory and his Efforts to Make Treaties--The Walla Walla Council and the Division among the Indians--Pearson and his Ride--Outburst of Hostilities and the Destruction that Followed--Conflict between the Regulars and the Volunteers--Battles of Walla Walla, Cascades, and Grande Ronde--Second Walla Walla Council--An Unsatisfactory Peace--Continued Incoming of Prospectors and Land-seekers--Third Indian War--Disastrous Steptoe Campaign--Garnett's Campaign in the Yakima--Wright's Campaign to Spokane and Overthrow of Indian Power--Peace Proclaimed and the Country Thrown Open to Settlement--Nez Perce War of 1877--Hallakallakeen, or Joseph, the Indian Warchief--His Melancholy Fate--The Bannock War. Columbia River history has had its full share of Indian wars. To narrate these in full would transcend the limits of this chapter. Even during the era of discovery desperate affrays with the natives were a common experience of explorers. Captain Gray of the _Columbia_ lost a boat's crew of seamen at Tillamook. The ship _Boston_ was seized in 1803 by the wily old chief Maquinna at Nootka. In 1812 the _Tonquin_, the first vessel of the Pacific Fur Company, in command of Captain Thorn, was captured at some point to the north of the Columbia River, variously known as Eyuck Whoola on Newcetu Bay, or Newity Bay, or Newcetee. She was, as a result of the capture, blown up by the explosion of her own powder magazine. Gabriel Franchere and Alexander Ross, of the Astoria party, are the original authorities for this dramatic story. Irving has made the event a leading feature of his charming _Astoria_. H. H. Bancroft has discussed it at length in his history of the Pacific Coast. In recent years Major H. M. Chittenden in his valuable book, _History of the American Fur Trade_, presents new testimony of much interest. But whatever discrepencies existed in the records, the general truth remains that the ship and all her crew, with the exception of one Indian, disappeared, and great was the loss to the traders at Astoria as a result.