Regarding this important product Yule thus writes:—“The coast of Hadhramaut is the true and ancient Χώρα λιβανοφόρος or λιβανωτοφόρος, indicated or described under those names by Theophrastus, Ptolemy, Pliny, Pseudo-Arrian, and other classical writers, _i.e._ the country producing the fragrant gum-resin called by the Hebrews _Lebonah_, by the Arabs _Luban_ and _Kundur_, by the Greeks _Libanos_, by the Romans _Thus_, in mediæval Latin _Olibanum_ (probably the Arabic _al-luban_, but popularly interpreted as _oleum Libani_), and in English frankincense, _i.e_, I apprehend, ‘genuine incense’ or ‘incense proper.’[9] It is still produced in this region and exported from it, but the larger part of that which enters the markets of the world is exported from the roadsteads of the opposite Sumâlî coast. Frankincense when it first exudes is milky white; whence the name _white incense_ by which Polo speaks of it, and the Arabic name _luban_ apparently refers to milk. The elder Niebuhr, who travelled in Arabia, depreciated the Libanos of Arabia, representing it as greatly inferior to that brought from India, called Benzoin. He adds that the plant which produces it is not native, but originally from Abyssinia.”—_Marco Polo_, vol. II. p. 443, &c. 20. Λύκιον—Lycium. Exported from Barbarikon in Indo-Skythia (39), and from Barugaza (49). Lycium is a thorny plant, so called from being found in Lykia principally. Its juice was used for dying yellow, and a liquor drawn from it was used as a medicine (Celsus v. 26, 30, and vi. 7). It was held in great esteem by the ancients. Pliny (xxiv. 77) says that a superior kind of Lycium produced in India was made from a thorn called also _Pyxacanthus_ (box-thorn) _Chironia_. It is known in India as _Ruzot_, an extract of the _Berberis lycium_ and _B. aristata_, both grown on the Himâlayas. Conf. the λύκιον ἰνδικὸν of Dioskor. i. 133. (? Gamboge.) 21. Μάγλα—Magla—a kind of cassia mentioned only in the _Periplûs_. Exported from Tabai (12). 22. Μάκειρ—Macer. Exported from Malaô and Moundou (8, 9). According to Pliny, Dioskoridês, and others, it is an Indian bark—perhaps a kind of cassia. The bark is red and the root large. The bark was used as a medicine in dysenteries. Pliny xii. 8; Salmasius, 1302. (? The _Karachâlâ_ of the bâzârs, _Kutajatvak_). 23. Μάλαβαθρον (Sans. _tamâlapattra_, the leaf of the _Laurus Cassia_), Malabathrum, Betel. Obtained by the Thînai from the Sesatai and exported to India[10] (65); conveyed down the Ganges to Gangê near its mouth (63); conveyed from the interior of India to Mouziris and Nelkunda for export (56). That Malabathrum was not only a masticatory, but also an unguent or perfume, may be inferred from Horace (_Odes_, II. vii. 89):— ...“coronatus nitentes Malabathro Syrio capillos”,