of much importance. Being perfectly certain it helps forward other identifications. _Kol._ in Tami[l:] means ‘to slay.’ _Kei_ is ‘hand.’ It was the first capital of Pandiôn. The coast beyond +Kolkhoi+, which has an inland district belonging to it called +Argalou+, is indented by a gulf called by Ptolemy the Argarik—now Palk Bay. Ptolemy mentions also a promontory called +Kôru+ and beyond it a city called +Argeirou+ and an emporium called +Salour+. This Kôru of Ptolemy, Caldwell thinks, represents the +Kôlis+ of the geographers who preceded him, and the +Koṭi+ of Tami[l:], and identifies it with “the island promontory of +Râmeśvaram+, the point of land from which there was always the nearest access from Southern India to Ceylon.” An island occurs in these parts, called that of +Epiodôros+, noted for its pearl fishery, on which account Ritter would identify it with the island of Manaar, which Ptolemy, as Mannert thinks, speaks of as Νάνιγηρίς (VII. i. 95). Müller thinks, however, it may be compared with Ptolemy’s +Kôru+, and so be Râmeśvaram. This coast has commercial intercourse not only with the Malabar ports, but also with the Ganges and the Golden Khersonese. For the trade with the former a species of canoes was used called _Sangara_. The Maļayâlam name of these, Caldwell says, is _Changâdam_, in Tuļa _Jangâla_, compare Sanskrit _Samghâdam_ a raft (_Ind. Ant._ vol. I. p. 309). The large vessels employed for the Eastern trade were called _Kolandiophonta_, a name which Caldwell confesses his inability to explain. Three cities and ports are named in the order of their occurrence which were of great commercial importance, +Kamara+, +Podoukê+, and +Sôpatma+. +Kamara+ may perhaps be, as Müller thinks, the emporium which Ptolemy calls +Khabêris+, situated at the mouth of the River +Khabêros+ (now, the Kavery), perhaps, as Dr. Burnell suggests, the modern Kaveripattam. (_Ind. Ant._ vol. VII. p. 40). +Podoukê+ appears in Ptolemy as Podoukê. It is +Puduchchêri+, _i. e._ ‘new town,’ now well known as Pondicherry; so Bohlen, Ritter, and Benfey. [Yule and Lassen place it at Pulikât]. +Sôpatma+ is not mentioned in Ptolemy, nor can it now be traced. In Sanskrit it transliterates into _Su-patna_, _i. e._, fair town. 61. Near the region which succeeds, where the course of the voyage now bends to the east, there lies out in the open sea stretching towards the west the island now called +Palaisimoundou+, but by the ancients +Taprobanê+. To cross over to the northern side of it takes a day. In the south part it gradually stretches towards the west till it nearly reaches the opposite coast of +Azania+. It produces pearl, precious (_transparent_) stones, muslins, and tortoise-shell.