[69] See for the above quotations my ‘Feudal England,’ pp. 346, 354–6. [70] William was familiar with this formation, for he makes, Mr. Freeman wrote, Henry I. bid his English stand firm “in the array of the ancient shield wall.” [71] Feudal England, p. 354. [72] Norman Conquest (2nd ed., iii. 764). [73] Miss Norgate recognises this as “the English shield wall” (‘England under the Angevin Kings,’ i. 292). [74] Art of War, p. 26; History of the Art of War, p. 163. [75] See, for these quotations, Freeman’s ‘Norman Conquest,’ iii. (2nd ed.), 491 (where he quotes parallels from Dion Cassius and Ammianus), and compare my ‘Feudal England,’ p. 358. [76] History of the Art of War, p. 61. [77] Ibid. p. 58. [78] Ibid. p. 36. [79] See above, p. 40. [80] The italics are mine. [81] The _spissa testudo_ of Florence is “of course” conveniently ignored. [82] “When the compact shield wall was broken, William thrust his horsemen into the gaps” (p. 300). Just so. [83] ‘Athenæum,’ 6th Aug., 1898. Mr. Oman had previously tried to escape from his own words by pleading that “silence does not mean a change of opinion” (‘Academy,’ 9th June, 1894). But I had been careful to explain that I did not rely on his ‘silence,’ but on his actually _substituting_ ‘shield wall’ for ‘palisades’ in the above reproduced sentence (‘Academy,’ 19th May, 1894). Similarly, Mr. Oman, as Col. Lloyd has observed (‘English Historical Review,’ x. 538), “takes a different view” of the English formation at Crecy in the latter of these two works from that which he had taken in the earlier, substituting a wholly different arrangement of the archers. [84] Mr. Freeman wrote of a “fortress of timber” with “wooden walls,” composed of “firm barricades of ash and other timber” (see ‘Feudal England,’ p. 340). Mr. George emphatically rejected this conception (‘Battles of English History’). [85] ‘Norman Conquest,’ iii. (2nd ed.), 476, faithfully reproducing Henry of Huntingdon’s “dudum antequam coirent bellatores.” [86] Guy of Amiens describes him as “Agmina præcedens innumerosa ducis.” [87] Art of War, p. 25. [88] Social England, p. 299. [89] Academy, 9th June, 1894. [90] History of the Art of War, p. 154. [91] Mr. Oman, in his latest work, makes “brushwood” the material. I had pointed out “the difficulty of hauling timber” under the circumstances (‘Feudal England,’ p. 342). [92] English Historical Review, ix. 18; cf. ix. 10. [93] Ibid. ix. 232, 237–8. [94] History of the Art of War, p. vi. [95] English Historical Review, ix. 239. [96] Ibid. p. 14. [97] See Feudal England, pp. 354–8, 392. [98] Die Schlacht von Hastings (Berlin), 1896. [99] Athenæum, July 30, 1898.