The complete works of John Gower, volume 1 : $b The French worksGower, John
General
The complete works of John Gower, volume 1 : $b The French works
Gower, John
Poetry
Gower’s metre, as has already been observed, is extremely regular. He
does not allow himself any of those grosser licences of suppression or
addition of syllables which have been noticed in Anglo-Norman verse
of the later period. Like William of Waddington, he apologizes for
his style on the ground that he is an Englishman, but in his case the
plea is very much less needed. His rhyming also, after allowance has
been made for a few well-established Anglo-Norman peculiarities, may
be said to be remarkably pure, more so in some respects than that of
Frère Angier, for example, who wrote at least a century and a half
earlier and was a decidedly good versifier. It is true that, like
other Anglo-Norman writers, he takes liberties with the forms of words
in flexion in order to meet the requirements of his rhyme, but these
must be regarded as sins against grammar rather than against rhyme,
and the French language in England had long been suffering decadence
in this respect. Moreover, when we come to examine these vagaries, we
shall find that they are by no means so wild in his case as they had
been in that of some other writers, and that there is a good deal of
method in the madness. The desired effect is attained principally by
two very simple expedients. The first of these is a tolerably extensive
disregard of gender, adjectives being often used indifferently in the
masculine or the feminine form, according to convenience. Thus in the
_Balades_[B] we have ‘chose _humein_’ xxiv. 3, but ‘toute autre chose
est _veine_’ xxxiii. 2, ‘ma fortune est _assis_’ ix. 5, ‘la fortune
est _faili_’ xx. 3, ‘corps _humeine_’ xiv. 1, ‘l’estée vient _flori_’
ii. 1, ‘l’estée beal _flori_’ xx. 2, but ‘La cliere estée’ xxxii. 2,
and the author says ‘_ce_ (_ceo_) lettre’ (ii. 4, iii. 4), or ‘_ceste_
lettre’ (xv. 4), according as it suits his metre. Similarly in the
_Mirour_ l. 92 ff.,
‘Siq’en apres de celle issue,
Que de leur corps serroit _estrait_,
Soit restoré q’estoit _perdue_’ &c.,
for _estraite_, _perdu_, l. 587 _hony_ for _honie_, 719 ‘la Char
_humein_,’ 911 _replenis_ for _replenies_, 1096 ‘deinz son cuer
_maliciouse_.’ From the use of _du_, _au_ by our author nothing must
be inferred about gender, since they are employed indifferently for
the masculine or feminine combination, as well as for the simple
prepositions _de_, _à_; and such forms as _celestial_, in _Bal. Ded._
i. 1, _cordial_, _enfernals_, _mortals_, _Mir._ 717, 1011, 1014, are
perhaps reminiscences of the older usage, though the inflected feminine
is also found. The question of the terminations _é_, _ée_ will be dealt
with separately.
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