The complete works of John Gower, volume 2 : $b The English worksGower, John
General
The complete works of John Gower, volume 2 : $b The English works
Gower, John
Poetry
The formation of plurals in adjectives and participles used
attributively is governed by the same principles. We have ‘_preciouse_
Stones,’ iv. 1354, but ‘the most _principal_’ (pl.), v. 1115. In the
expression ‘the chief flodes,’ v. 1112, _chief_ must be considered
perhaps as a substantive, like _hed_ in ‘the hed planete.’ Naturally
words like _wicked_, _woful_, _lusti_, &c., take no plural inflexion,
but we have _manye_ (_manie_) beside _many_ apparently as a plural
form, though _manye_ also occurs in the singular, and _enye_ once as
plural of _eny_. In the expression ‘som men’ _som_ is without inflexion
in the plural, e.g. Prol. 529, iii. 2113, but ‘_somme_ clerkes,’ Prol.
355, ‘_some_ thinges,’ i. 1265.
Adjectives used as predicates or in apposition are to some extent
treated according to convenience of metre or rhyme, but in the case
of monosyllables there is a decided preference for inflexion. The
following are some of the instances: ‘Whan we ben _dede_,’ Prol. 2,
‘hem that weren _goode_,’ 42, ‘my wittes ben to _smale_,’ 81, ‘Ther ben
of suche manie _glade_,’ 299, ‘become _grete_,’ 303, ‘ben with mannes
senne _wrothe_,’ 920, so _blinde_, i. 774, _smale_, 1145, _glade_,
1151, _hyhe_, _smale_, i. 1678 f., _hore_ and _whyte_, i. 2045,
_stronge_, iii. 1112, _dulle_, iv. 947, _whyte_, _fatte_, _grete_, iv.
1310, &c. We have also ‘hise thoghtes _feinte_,’ iv. 118, ‘thinges ...
_veine_,’ i. 2689, ‘hise bedes most _devoute_,’ i. 669, ‘in wordes so
_coverte_,’ iv. 1606, wher the men ben _coveitouse_, v. 4800.
On the other hand, ‘Of hem that ben so _derk_ withinne,’ i. 1077,
‘Hire chekes ben with teres _wet_,’ i. 1680, ‘Thei wexen _doumb_,’
iv. 345, ‘Here bodies weren _long_ and _smal_,’ iv. 1320, ‘Thei weren
_gracious_ and _wys_,’ vii. 1447, ‘thei weren _glad_,’ viii. 881, and
so frequently.
The participle used as predicate is ordinarily uninflected, but there
are a few examples of a plural form adopted for the rhyme, as _made_,
Prol. 300, _ansuerde_, i. 3246, iv. 2343, _hidde_, v. 6789.
The usage of _al_, _alle_ as an adjective is in some ways peculiar,
but tolerably consistent. In the singular before an article, a
demonstrative pronoun or a possessive, the uninflected form _al_
(occasionally _all_) is used, as ‘al the baronie,’ ‘al the world,’
‘al his welthe,’ ‘all his proude fare,’ ‘al a mannes strengthe’ (also
‘the Cite all,’ ii. 3473), but before a substantive the form _alle_
(dissyllable)[W], as ‘alle grace,’ ‘alle thing,’ ‘alle untrouthe,’
‘alle vertu,’ ‘in alle wise,’ ‘in alle haste,’ ‘alle wel,’ ‘alle
charite,’ but sometimes before vowels _al_, as ‘al honour,’ i. 879, ‘al
Erthe,’ i. 2825, ‘al Envie,’ ii. 168, ‘al untrowthe,’ ii. 1684. In the
plural, ‘al the,’ ‘all these,’ ‘alle the,’ &c. (‘alle’ being counted as
a monosyllable), and without the article, ‘alle’ (but ‘al othre,’ iv.
1532).
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