This pantheistic theism, which makes no clear distinction between the God of heaven and the universe over which he rules, or which is comprised in him, penetrates Jupiter as well as Varuna. The Latin poets offer the equivalent of the vacillating formulæ of Vedism. "The mortals," says Lucretius, explaining the origin of the idea of God, "the mortals saw the regular motions of the heavens and the various seasons of the year succeed each other in a fixed order, without being able to discover the causes. They had, therefore, no other alternative than to attribute all to the gods, who made everything go according to their will, and it was in the sky that they placed the seat and domain of the gods, because it is there that may be seen revolve the night and the noon, the day and the gloomy planets of the night; the nocturnal lights wandering in the sky, and the flying flames, the clouds, the sun, the rain, the snow, the winds, the thunderbolts, the hail, the sudden convulsions, and the great threatening rumblings."[53] This view of the heavens as the universal centre of the movements of Nature might just as well have led to pantheism as to theism. The line of the poet: "Juppiter est quodcunque vides, quocunque moveris"--"Jupiter is everything that thou seest, everywhere that thou movest"--does not refer only to the Jupiter of the metaphysicians of the Porch; it also expresses one of the aspects of the Jupiter of primitive mythology. It was not by a deviation from his earlier nature that Zeus was confounded with Pan; he was Pan by birth; and if the epopee and the drama show us only a personal Zeus, it is because by their very nature they could and should see him only under this aspect, and had nothing to obtain from the impersonal Zeus, although in this form he was as old as in the other. And the Orphic theologian is not quite unfaithful to the earlier tradition of religion, when he sings of the universal Zeus:-- "Zeus was the first, Zeus is the last, Zeus the thunderer; Zeus is the head, Zeus is the middle; it is by Zeus that all things are made; Zeus is the male, Zeus is the immortal female; Zeus is the base of both the earth and the starry sky; Zeus is the breath of the winds, Zeus is the jet of the unconquerable flame; Zeus is the root of the sea, Zeus is the sun and the moon.... The whole of this universe is stretched out within the great body of Zeus."