Produced by The Online Distributed Proofreading Team at http://www.pgdp.net (This file was produced from images generously made available by The Internet Archive.) THE CROSS. [Illustration: SOMERSBY CROSS. _From a photo by Carlton & Son, Horncastle._] The Cross IN Ritual, Architecture, and Art BY THE REV. GEO. S. TYACK, B.A. LONDON: WILLIAM ANDREWS & CO., 5, FARRINGDON AVENUE. WILLIAM ANDREWS & CO THE HULL PRESS Preface. In this work my aim has been to deal in a popular way with the manifold uses of the Cross as the symbol of the Christian Faith. The attempt necessitates certain limitations; to give prominence to controversial points, to go to foreign lands for illustrations and examples when so many apt ones are to be found at home, or to load the pages with references--any of these things would have been opposed to the object which I have set before myself. If my outline be sufficiently broad and clear, and the details, so far as they go, accurate--and to attain this no pains have been spared--I shall be content. Before closing this brief preface, it is to me both a pleasure and a duty to express my grateful thanks to my friend and publisher, Mr. William Andrews, for the use of his collection of works, notes, and pictures relating to the Cross, and from his own productions I have gleaned some out-of-the-way information. GEO. S. TYACK, CROWLE, DONCASTER, _August, 1896_. Contents. PAGE 1. INTRODUCTORY--The pre-Christian Cross--Primitive cross-forms--The "Graffito blasfemo"--The vision of Constantine--Finding of the "True Cross"--The Crusades--Heraldic Crosses--The Templars, etc.--The Cross in the arms and badges and coinage of modern state 1 2. THE DEVELOPMENT OF THE CRUCIFIX--Early symbols of Christ, the Vine, Good Shepherd, etc.--The Agnus Dei-- The Vatican Cross--Conciliar authority for Crucifix-- The Iconoclasts--Eastern attitude towards images-- Character of early crucifixes--Crucifixion scenes-- Italian sacred art 14 3. THE CROSS IN RITUAL--Prophetic types of the Cross--Sign of the Cross primitive--Method of making--Used in public offices: Eucharist, ordination, baptism, confirmation, public prayer--Processional Cross-- Archbishop's Cross--Pectoral Cross--Cross in consecration of churches--Cross of Absolution-- "Creeping to the Cross"--Feasts of the Cross--Invention and exaltation--Dedication to S. Cross or Holy Rood 28