4. THE CROSS AS AN ORNAMENT OF THE CHURCH, ETC.--Cruciform churches--Altar Cross--Genevan aversion to--The rood and rood-loft--English roods--The "Rood of Grace"-- Destruction of roods--Modern revival of use of-- Embroidered crosses on vestments--The fylfot on bells-- Spire-cross--Churchyard crosses destroyed and renewed-- Weeping Cross and Palm Cross 44 5. PUBLIC CROSSES--Universal use of cross-forms in old England--Removal of crosses--Crosses chiefly secular in use--Edinburgh Cross: its history--English market-crosses--Destructions and recent restorations-- Chichester and other crosses--Preaching crosses--S. Paul's: its history--Other English preaching crosses 63 6. MEMORIAL CROSSES--S. Oswald's Cross--Neville's Cross-- Cross in Leeds--Alpine and Spanish Crosses--Eleanor Crosses and modern copies of them--Newark and Wedmore Crosses--Sandbach, Iona, Monasterboice, etc.--Crowle Stone--Hall Cross, Doncaster--Dartmoor Memorials 87 7. WAYSIDE AND BOUNDARY CROSSES--Whiteleaf Cross--Uses of wayside crosses--Dartmoor Crosses--Cornish Crosses-- Notable crosses elsewhere in England: Burythorpe, Tottenham, Henley, etc.--Well Crosses 106 8. CONCLUSION--Popularity of Symbolism--Totems--Kobong-- Heraldic Symbols--Symbol of the Cross: What it implies? 120 THE CROSS IN RITUAL, ARCHITECTURE, AND ART. CHAPTER I. Introductory. It is strange, yet unquestionably a fact, that in ages long before the birth of Christ, and since then in lands untouched by the teaching of the Church, the Cross has been used as a sacred symbol. The Aryan tribes, ancestors of most of the European nations, so regarded a cross of curious form, whose four equal arms were all turned midway at a right angle. The excavations of Dr. Schliemann on the site of ancient Troy have brought to light discs of baked clay stamped with a cross. It is well known that the _crux ansata_, or Tau Cross (=T=), sometimes with the addition of a ring, as if for suspension, at the top, is found in Egyptian inscriptions. The Greek Bacchus, the Tyrian Tammuz, the Chaldean Bel, and the Norse Odin, were all symbolized to their votaries by a cruciform device. The Spanish conquerors of Mexico found the cross already an object of reverence among the Aztecs, carved on temple walls, on amulets, and on pottery; so, too, in North America, specimens of shell-work, engraved with crosses of various forms, have been unearthed from mounds raised by the native Indian tribes.